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Impact of Liver Injury in COVID-19 Patients: Single-center Retrospective Cohort Analysis

  • Jiten Desai,*,
  • Upenkumar Patel,
  • Shiva Arjun,
  • Kristen Farraj,
  • Kevin Yeroushalmi,
  • Sandra Gomez Paz,
  • Jaehyuck Im,
  • Andres Castillo,
  • Rajmohan Rammohan and
  • Paul Mustacchia
Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology   2020;8(4):476-478

doi: 10.14218/JCTH.2020.00075

Received:

Revised:

Accepted:

Published online:

 Author information

Citation: Desai J, Patel U, Arjun S, Farraj K, Yeroushalmi K, Paz SG, et al. Impact of Liver Injury in COVID-19 Patients: Single-center Retrospective Cohort Analysis. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2020;8(4):476-478. doi: 10.14218/JCTH.2020.00075.

Introduction

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a serious threat to global public health. Unfortunately, to date, there are no specific vaccines or targeted drugs, and the number of patients with positivity for systemic acute respiratory syndrome-novel coronavirus-2 infection is growing worldwide.1 Patients with COVID-19 may be at risk for liver injury, but the mechanism and clinical significance of injury remains unclear. Proposed mechanisms include direct virus-induced insults, immune-mediated damage (due to excessive inflammatory response), and drug-induced injury. COVID-19-related liver dysfunction is now gaining widespread attention; however, liver injury’s impact on the outcome of COVID-19 patients is not clearly understood. We have evaluated the impact of liver insults on the hospitalization outcome of COVID-19 patients admitted to a suburban New York safety-net hospital and would like to share our preliminary results in a Letter to the Editor instead of an Original Article for rapid dissemination to the worldwide audience.

In our retrospective, unmatched, single-center analysis, we have identified the first 639 confirmed COVID-19 patients (ages ≥18 years) admitted to our facility from March 2020 to May 2020. Elevated liver-related enzymes [serum alanine aminotransferase (commonly referred to as ALT) >40 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase (commonly referred to as AST) >40 U/L, or alkaline phosphatase (commonly referred to as ALP) >120] were used to stratify patients with or without liver injury. The primary outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality; other in-patient outcomes, including cardiac arrest, acute respiratory distress syndrome, arrhythmia, shock, and intubation rate, were also measured. The Pearson’s chi-square test and Student’s t-test were used for evaluating categorical and continuous variables, respectively. A two-step hierarchical multivariate regression model was performed to assess the risk of in-patient mortality and other hospitalization outcomes after adjusting for baseline characteristics and comorbidities. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS® Corp. Version 22 (Armonk, NY, USA). This analysis was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Nassau Health Care Corporation (NHCC) at Nassau University Medical Center (NUMC), under IRB reference # 20-277.

Out of the total 639 COVID-19 patients, 476 (74.5%) [mean age of 58.89±15.61 years, 63.0% male] had evidence of liver injury. COVID-19 liver injury cohorts had statistically significant higher rates of all cause in-patient mortality [35.5% vs. 22.7%; adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.84; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.71-4.71; p<0.001). COVID-19 liver injury was observed more often in our Hispanic patient population (38.2%). The COVID-19 liver injury group showed higher risk of other in-patient outcomes, such as cardiac arrest (26.1% vs. 14.1%; aOR: 2.65; 95% CI: 1.52-4.59; p≤0.001), requirement of intubation (30% vs. 14.7%; aOR: 2.87; 95% CI: 1.70-4.85; p<0.001), acute respiratory distress syndrome (43.1% vs. 30.7%; aOR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.23-2.91; p=0.004), arrhythmia (5.2% vs. 0.6%; aOR: 3.16; 95% CI: 0.95-10.33; p=0.05) and shock (15% vs. 2.8%; aOR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.15-3.70; p=0.016) compared to COVID-19 patients without evidence of liver injury (Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of COVID-19 hospitalizations with vs. without liver injury

VariableWith liver injury, n=476 (74.5%)Without liver injury, n=163 (25.5%)p*
Age in years at admission
 Mean age±standard deviation58.89±15.6161.92±17.320.038
Sex0.041
 Male63.0%54.0%
 Female37.0%46.0%
Race0.26
 White22.1%21.5%
 African American24.6%30.7%
 Hispanic38.2%30.7%
 Asian or Pacific Islander2.9%6.1%
 Other11.1%9.8%
Insurance status0.23
 Uninsured/self-pay16.0%16.0%
 Medicare/Medicaid40.1%45.4%
 Private insurance41.8%34.4%
 Unknown1.9%4.3%
Comorbidities
 Alcohol abuse14.9%10.4%0.268
 Asthma/COPD10.5%11.0%0.713
 HIV/AIDS1.1%1.8%0.789
 Congestive heart failure4.8%8.6%0.247
 Diabetes mellitus34.5%43.6%0.078
 OSA/OHS1.9%0.6%0.521
 Hypertension50.6%58.9%0.221
 Malignancy5.0%3.7%0.321
 Chronic kidney disease7.6%15.3%0.010
 Coronary artery disease8.0%14.1%0.05
In- hospital Outcomes
 All cause in-hospital mortality35.5%22.7%<0.001
 Cardiac arrest26.1%14.1%<0.001
 Intubation30%14.7%<0.001
 ARDS43.1%30.7%0.004
 Arrhythmias5.2%0.6%0.05
 Shock15%2.8%0.016
Table 2.

Hospitalization outcomes among patients with COVID-19 with liver injury

Hospitalization outcomeaOR95% CIp*
All cause in-hospital mortality2.841.71-4.71<0.001
Cardiac arrest2.651.52-4.59<0.001
Intubation2.871.70-4.85<0.001
ARDS1.891.23-2.910.004
Arrhythmias3.160.95-10.330.05
Shock2.061.15-3.700.016

The infection of liver cells with the systemic acute respiratory syndrome-novel coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) may directly cause liver dysfunction. Other indirect mechanisms of liver injury are also plausible. Chen et al.2 showed that more than one-third of COVID-19 patients have some liver dysfunction; in most cases, patients had mild-to-moderate elevations of ALT or AST levels. Our analysis has shown that approximately every fourth patient presented evidence of liver injury.

It is postulated that SARS-CoV-2 binds to host ACE-2 receptors (ACE2) on target cells to gain entry. Interestingly, ACE2 receptors are also highly expressed within the biliary tree. However, the cholestatic liver disease is not a common feature of COVID-19.3 Chau et al.4 demonstrated in their study that liver biopsies of SARS patients showed a significant increase in mitotic cells, eosinophils and balloon-like liver cells, which indicated that SARS-CoV-2 might induce liver cell apoptosis and thus lead to liver damage. The study by Tan et al.5 showed that SARS-CoV-2 specific protein 7a could induce cell apoptosis in different organs (including lung, kidney, and liver) through the caspase-dependent pathway, further confirming the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 directly attacking liver tissues and causing liver damage. In our analysis, COVID-19 patients with liver injury demonstrated nearly a three times higher risk of in-patient mortality and other poor hospital outcomes, including cardiac arrest, acute respiratory distress syndrome, the requirement of intubation, arrhythmia, and shock. Our analysis also showed that male and Hispanic patients were more likely to develop COVID-19-associated liver dysfunction than infected female patients and those of other ethnicities. We recommend studies be designed on a large scale, to better understand the sex and race-related difference that our data suggest.

Studies are also needed to assess the outcome of COVID-19 patients with preexisting liver disease. Our analysis could not differentiate direct COVID-19-induced hepatotoxicity, drug-induced liver injury, or ‘bystander effects’ of systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by the virus, which could be a major limitation of our analysis. Regardless of the mechanisms intricated in the liver injury of patients with COVID-19, worse hospitalization outcomes were noted in our analysis, requiring close monitoring. In the meantime, we believe that the front-line medical staff should pay attention to liver-related tests in patients infected with COVID-19. We recommend using appropriate hepatoprotective therapies, especially in patients with preexisting liver disease, to attenuate the potentially deleterious impact of COVID-19-related liver dysfunction.6

Thus, in our preliminary observations, we noted that COVID-19 patients with liver injury demonstrated nearly a three times higher risk of in-patient mortality and other poor hospitalization outcomes.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Daniel J Whitson, Amanda M Silverio, Alan Tsiyer, Raghda Abdelrady and David Gruen in helping in data collection for this analysis.

Abbreviations

ACE2: 

ACE-2 receptors

ALP: 

alkaline phosphatase

ALT: 

alanine aminotransferase

aOR: 

adjusted odds ratio

AST: 

aspartate aminotransferase

CI: 

confidence interval

COVID-19: 

coronavirus disease 2019

Declarations

Funding

None to declare.

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflict of interests related to this publication.

Authors’ contributions

Conception and design (JD, UP, SA, PM), acquisition of data (JD, UP, SA, KF, KY, SGP, JI, AC, RR), analysis and interpretation of data (JD, UP, SA, PM), drafting of the manuscript (KF, KY, SGP, JI, AC, RR), critical revision of the manuscript (JD, UP, PM).

References

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  2. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 2020;395:507-513 View Article PubMed/NCBI
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  5. Tan YJ, Fielding BC, Goh PY, Shen S, Tan TH, Lim SG, et al. Overexpression of 7a, a protein specifically encoded by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, induces apoptosis via a caspase-dependent pathway. J Virol 2004;78:14043-14047 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  6. Cheng ZJ, Shan J. 2019 Novel coronavirus: where we are and what we know. Infection 2020;48:155-163 View Article PubMed/NCBI