Research progress of hyperprogression in immunotherapy of gastrointestinal tumors

CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 are common immune checkpoints targeted in clinical. Immunotherapy has made a breakthrough in the treatment of gastrointestinal tumors. However, some patients may experience hyperprogression (HPD) during immunotherapy, which is characterized by abnormally accelerated tumor growth. Previous studies have shown that the incidence of HPD in gastrointestinal tumor immunotherapy is about 4%-29.4%, but the overall survival of patients with HPD is only a few months. HPD is a difficulty in immunotherapy. This review summarizes the definition, identification, incidence, mechanism and related predictors of hyperprogression in gastrointestinal tumor immunotherapy.