Introduction
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease, affecting ∼30% of adults worldwide.1 Convincing evidence indicates that NAFLD is a “multisystem” disease that affects multiple extrahepatic organ systems, including the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, endocrine system, and others.2–6 Jung et al.7 first reported that NAFLD was associated with decreased lung function. Although decreased lung function is associated with older age, obesity, smoking, and air pollution,8 recent observational studies have reported an association between NAFLD and lung function.7,9–17 Lonardo et al.18 also recently proposed that it would be the time to “cross the diaphragm between NAFLD and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)”. A meta-analysis of six observational studies including 133,707 participants of predominantly Asian ethnicity reported a significant association between NAFLD and impaired lung function.19 Moreover, it has been reported that individuals with NAFLD had significant reductions in both FVC and FEV120,21 that worsened with the severity of NAFLD, especially with higher fibrosis stage.9,16,22 A Korean cohort study also showed that the risk for incident NAFLD increased with decreasing quartiles of both FEV1 (%) and FVC (%), regardless of smoking history, over a mean follow-up of ∼6 years.15
The current definition of NAFLD requires the exclusion of significant alcohol consumption and other secondary causes of chronic liver disease. More recently, an international panel of experts has proposed to change the terminology from NAFLD to metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and also proposed a new set of diagnostic criteria to better define this common liver disease.23–25 Therefore, MAFLD has been proposed as a more suitable definition to describe the fatty liver disease related to underlying metabolic dysfunction,26–28 and a more accurate definition for identifying those patients, who are at increased risk of developing extrahepatic complications, such as cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease.29,30
However, to the best of our knowledge, whether the renaming of NAFLD to MAFLD better identifies patients who are also at increased risk of impaired lung function is currently unknown. Therefore, the primary aim of this large cross-sectional study was to compare lung function parameters in NAFLD and MAFLD populations, and to examine the associations between lung function parameters and fibrosis severity in MAFLD.
Methods
Study design and data collection
Between 2016 and 2020, we ran a national noncommunicable and chronic-disease management program that we developed to identify risk factors and pathogenesis of COPD based on clinical bioinformatics technology and epidemiology.31 The program randomly recruited a total of 8,375 individuals 40 years of age or older from 25 communities across four cities (Wenzhou, Shanghai, Fuzhou, and Zhengzhou) in Central and Southeast China. In the program, there were 2,960 individuals, who had undergone both spirometry and liver ultrasound examinations. As shown in Figure 1, we excluded those (1) who had acute or chronic lung diseases, except COPD, (2) with lung cancers or other extrapulmonary malignancies, and (3) who were missing important clinical and laboratory data from the study. The remaining 2,543 adults were included in the final analysis. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at each hospital involved in the study (no. 2016134). All participants signed an informed consent to participate in the study.
At each visit, standardized self-administered questionnaires were administered to collect detailed information on demographic characteristics, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, physical activity, medical history, and any clinical symptoms associated with lung diseases. Serum lipids, liver enzymes, glucose, and other biochemical blood measurements were determined in all participants after an overnight fast by standard laboratory procedures. Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) was calculated. Waist circumference was measured while standing, with the measurement taken horizontal to the floor at the midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest. Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥130 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥85 mmHg and/or use of antihypertensive drugs. Type 2 ddiabetes mellitus (T2DM) was defined by a fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L (≥126 mg/dL) or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c ≥6.5% or ≥48 mmol/mol) and/or use of any glucose-lowering agents.
Criteria for diagnosing NAFLD and MAFLD
Experienced radiologists performed liver ultrasonography in all participants. The radiologists were blinded to the clinical and laboratory details of participants and captured liver images in a standard manner. Diagnosis of hepatic steatosis was mainly based on the increased echogenicity of the liver relative to the echogenicity of the renal cortex or spleen parenchyma.32 The diagnosis of NAFLD was based on the evidence of hepatic steatosis and exclusion of significant alcohol consumption defined as ≥21 drinks/week for men and 14 drinks/week for women and other competing causes for hepatic steatosis, as shown in Figure 1.33 The diagnosis of MAFLD was based on the evidence of hepatic steatosis on ultrasonography and presence of at least one of the following three metabolic risk factors: (1) overweight or obesity (i.e., a BMI ≥23 kg/m2 for Asian people; (2) established T2DM according to the diagnostic criteria described above; or (3) metabolic dysregulation. Metabolic. Dysregulation included at least two of the following seven metabolic risk abnormalities: (1) a waist circumference ≥90 cm for men, and ≥80 cm for women; (2) blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg or drug treatment; (3) triglycerides ≥1.70 mmol/L (≥150 mg/dL) or drug treatment; (4) high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol <1.0 mmol/L for men and <1.3 mmol/L for women; (5) prediabetes status defined as a fasting glucose between 5.6 and 6.9 mmol/L, or HbA1c between 5.7 and 6.4%; (6) a homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) score ≥2.5; and (7) a plasma C-reactive protein >2 mg/L.24
Lean participants with NAFLD who did not have T2DM or metabolic dysregulation (as above) were defined as having nonmetabolic dysfunction-associated (non-MD)-NAFLD.30 The fibrosis 4 (FIB-4) score = age × AST (IU/L) / [platelet count (×109/L) × ALT (IU/L)0.5] was used to noninvasively assess the presence of advanced liver fibrosis.34,35
Spirometry
Trained medical personnel who were blinded to the clinical and laboratory details of participants, performed the spirometry following American Thoracic Society criteria.36 Forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) were recorded and the predicted FEV1 and FVC were calculated as previously described.37
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables were expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD); categorical variables were expressed as numbers or percentages (%). Differences of continuous variables were compared by one-way analysis of variance and differences of categorical variables were compared by chi-squared tests. Separate analyses were performed by sex. Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to examine the independence of associations between MAFLD and lung function tests after adjusting for age, sex, adiposity measures, smoking status, presence of significant alcohol intake (≥21 drinks/week for men and 14 drinks/week for women), and other potential confounding variables. The results were reported as beta coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical tests were two-sided and a p-values <0.05 (two-tailed) was considered to be statistically significant. SPSS version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for the statistical analysis.
Results
Participant characteristics
In total, 2,543 middle-aged Chinese adults were included and their clinical and biochemical characteristics and lung function parameters are shown in Table 1. There were 519 individuals with MAFLD (20.4%) and 469 (18.4%) with NAFLD. Compared with the non-MAFLD group, those with MAFLD were younger and had higher levels of serum liver enzymes, white blood cell (WBC) counts, and total hemoglobin as well as a significant impairment of lung function, mainly FVC, predicted FVC (%), and predicted-FEV1 (%). Individuals with MAFLD also had a greater prevalence of metabolic syndrome, T2DM, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The two groups of individuals did not significantly differ by sex, smoking status, presence of prior COPD, and FEV1/FVC ratio. Individuals with NAFLD also had a lower FVC, predicted FVC (%), predicted-FEV1 (%) and a greater prevalence of metabolic syndrome, T2DM, and dyslipidemia compared with the non-MAFLD group. Differences of FEV1, and FEV1/FVC in the two groups were not significant.
Table 1Clinical and biochemical characteristics and lung function in participants with and without MAFLD and NAFLD
Characteristic | Non-MAFLD | MAFLD | p* | Non-NAFLD | NAFLD | p** |
---|
| 2,024 (79.6) | 519 (20.4) | | 2,074 (81.6) | 469 (18.4) | |
Age, years | 65.87±7.68 | 64.89±8.00 | 0.038 | 65.97±7.73 | 64.39±7.72 | 0.006 |
Male sex | 1,245 (61.5) | 299 (57.6) | 0.107 | 1,275 (61.5) | 269 (57.4) | 0.099 |
Ever-smoker | 943 (46.6) | 231 (44.6) | 0.220 | 958 (46.8) | 205 (43.8) | 0.322 |
Alcohol use | 309 (15.3) | 136 (26.2) | <0.001 | 334 (16.1) | 111 (23.6) | <0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.59±2.63 | 27.81±2.60 | <0.001 | 23.63±2.75 | 27.66±2.63 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm | 84.16±8.70 | 94.2±9.98 | <0.001 | 84.63±8.75 | 93.30±11.36 | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 136.84±20.24 | 141.01±18.05 | <0.001 | 137.27±20.31 | 139.52±17.62 | 0.015 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 80.77±11.86 | 83.06±11.15 | <0.001 | 80.91±11.89 | 82.69±10.95 | 0.013 |
Lung function tests | | | | | | |
FVC, L | 2.80±0.88 | 2.60±0.82 | <0.001 | 2.78±0.88 | 2.69±0.80 | 0.038 |
FVC, % predicted value | 95.18±19.43 | 88.19±17.66 | <0.001 | 94.36±19.70 | 91.07±16.97 | 0.001 |
FEV1, L | 2.24±0.66 | 2.07±0.67 | <0.001 | 2.21±0.67 | 2.16±0.64 | 0.172 |
FEV1, % predicted value | 86.53±18.29 | 79.95±17.87 | <0.001 | 85.57±18.73 | 83.28±16.80 | 0.015 |
FEV1 /FVC | 81.03±8.43 | 80.65±11.03 | 0.225 | 80.74±9.08 | 80.23±8.78 | 0.417 |
Comorbidities | | | | | | |
COPD | 225 (11.1) | 68 (13.1) | 0.218 | 231 (11.3) | 58 (12.4) | 0.470 |
Type 2 diabetes | 169 (8.6) | 132 (26.3) | <0.001 | 196 (9.5) | 126 (26.9) | <0.001 |
Metabolic syndrome | 204 (10.1) | 206 (39.7) | <0.001 | 237 (11.4) | 173 (36.9) | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 680 (33.6) | 199 (38.6) | 0.044 | 712 (34.3) | 167 (35.6) | 0.599 |
Dyslipidemia | 641 (31.7) | 250 (48.2) | <0.001 | 665 (32.1) | 226 (48.2) | <0.001 |
Laboratory tests | | | | | | |
WBC count, 109/L | 6.05±1.71 | 6.52±1.66 | <0.001 | 6.04±1.71 | 6.44±1.62 | <0.001 |
Hemoglobin, g/L | 141.99±14.31 | 144.08±14.70 | 0.003 | 141.24±14.31 | 144.05±14.63 | 0.002 |
Platelet count, 109/L | 220.06±56.78 | 220.39±55.96 | 0.901 | 218.70±55.43 | 224.78±56.74 | 0.262 |
FPG, mmol/L | 5.73±1.55 | 6.53±2.00 | <0.001 | 5.70±1.38 | 6.56±2.14 | <0.001 |
ALT, U/L | 20.29±10.80 | 32.43±15.32 | <0.001 | 19.86±10.25 | 34.55±24.28 | <0.001 |
AST, U/L | 24.61±12.02 | 26.78±15.66 | 0.001 | 24.58±12.09 | 26.69±15.14 | <0.001 |
TC, mmol/L | 4.96±1.31 | 4.79±1.39 | 0.013 | 4.95±1.31 | 4.81±1.39 | 0.066 |
TG, mmol/L | 1.66±1.18 | 2.22±1.50 | <0.001 | 1.67±1.17 | 2.26±1.57 | <0.001 |
LDL, mmol/L | 3.10±0.95 | 2.91±0.94 | <0.001 | 3.08±0.95 | 2.93±0.95 | 0.002 |
HDL, mmol/L | 1.38±0.39 | 1.19±0.30 | <0.001 | 1.38±0.39 | 1.22±0.34 | <0.001 |
Lung function in MAFLD and NAFLD non-MD-NAFLD participants
Table 2 shows the comparisons of lung function tests between participants with NAFLD and different groups with MAFLD. Differences in lung function tests were adjusted for age, sex, adiposity, smoking status and, significant alcohol intake (by analysis of covariance). Compared with the NAFLD or non-MD-NAFLD groups, individuals with MAFLD had the lowest FVC, predicted FVC (%), FEV1, and predicted-FEV1 (%) values. In addition, those with MAFLD and coexistent T2DM had lower predicted FVC (%) and predicted FVC (%) than MAFLD patients without T2DM,. Similarly, lung function tests of patients with MAFLD were worse even after stratification by obesity status.
Table 2Comparison of age, sex, BMI, smoking status, and lung function tests between subjects with NAFLD and different groups of subjects with MAFLD
Variable | Age, years | BMI, kg/m2, mean±SD | Men, n (%) | Current smoker, n (%) | FVC, L, mean±SD | FVC, % of predicted, mean±SD | FEV1, L, mean±SD | FEV1, % of predicted, mean±SD | FEV1/FVC, %, mean±SD |
---|
MAFLD (n=519) | 64.89±8.00 | 27.81±2.59 | 292 (58.1) | 127 (24.5) | 2.61±0.67 | 88.27±17.60* | 2.08±0.57* | 79.89±17.34* | 80.04±10.23 |
NAFLD (n=469) | 64.34±7.73# | 27.66±2.67 | 269 (57.4) | 116 (24.8) | 2.67±0.75# | 90.82±16.85 | 2.16±0.53# | 83.02±16.66 | 81.08±8.32 |
Non-MD-NAFLD (n=177) | 62.75±9.06& | 27.37±2.92 | 98 (55.3) | 42 (23.9) | 2.86±0.73& | 94.24±16.68& | 2.24±0.65 | 84.70±19.58& | 80.35±10.60 |
P for trend$ | 0.006 | 0.150 | 0.097 | 0.592 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.010 | 0.006 | 0.008 |
MAFLD without T2DM (n=379) | 64.41±6.53 | 28.04±2.59 | 211 (55.7) | 89 (23.5) | 2.63±0.74 | 89.69±15.64 | 2.09±0.59 | 81.40±17.24 | 80.00±10.53 |
MAFLD with T2DM (n=140) | 66.16±6.21 | 27.19±2.49 | 88 (65.9) | 35 (25.2) | 2.49±0.67 | 85.16±16.45 | 2.01±0.51 | 77.04±19.12 | 81.20±11.45 |
P | 0.027 | 0.001 | 0.161 | 0.528 | 0.0.004 | 0.009 | 0.190 | 0.008 | 0.251 |
MAFLD with BMI <23 (n=55) | 63.49±9.05 | 23.48±1.31 | 19 (34.5) | 13 (24.1) | 2.33±0.67 | 79.08±18.01 | 1.81±0.56 | 75.45±19.21 | 78.67±12.23 |
MAFLD with BMI ≥23 (n=464) | 65.06±7.86 | 28.32±2.20 | 280 (60.3) | 107 (23.1) | 2.65±0.76 | 89.00±17.26 | 2.10±0.23 | 80.28±17.12 | 80.42±10.34 |
P | 0.169 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.571 | 0.019 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.030 | 0.437 |
Relation between lung function tests and fibrosis severity
Table 3 shows the lung function tests stratified by increasing quartiles of FIB-4 score in participants with MAFLD or NAFLD. The mean values of most lung function tests progressively decreased across FIB-4 quartiles, in both NAFLD and in MAFLD.
Table 3Lung function tests stratified by increasing FIB-4 quartiles in patients with MAFLD or NAFLD
MAFLD (n=519) | FIB-4 quartiles
| |
---|
Quartile 1 (0–0.38, n=130) | Quartile 2 (0.38–0.49, n=129) | Quartile 3 (0.49–0.67, n=131) | Quartile 4 (0.67–3.91, n=129) | p |
---|
Lung function tests | | | | | |
FVC, L | 2.92±0.81 | 2.72±0.82 | 2.49±0.78 | 2.26±0.72 | <0.001 |
FVC, % of predicted value | 90.60±17.03 | 89.24±16.64 | 87.72±17.41 | 84.80±16.21 | 0.056 |
FEV1, L | 2.29±0.69 | 2.19±0.68 | 2.02±0.69 | 1.77±0.59 | <0.001 |
FEV1, % of predicted value | 86.12±12.16 | 81.14±16.43 | 80.18±16.63 | 76.72±19.82 | <0.001 |
FEV1/FVC, % | 81.10±7.41 | 80.94±10.24 | 79.46±8.16 | 78.89±12.99 | 0.227 |
Table 4 shows the unadjusted and adjusted changes in lung function tests for a 1-point increase in FIB-4 score in patients with MAFLD. Univariable linear regression (unadjusted model 1) found that the severity of liver fibrosis (the FIB4 score) was inversely related to FVC, FEV1, and predicted FVC (%). For each one-point increase in the FIB-4 score, FVC (%) decreased by 6.441 (95% CI: −12.032, −0.851, p=0.024), FVC decreased by 0.748 (95% CI: −1.002, −0.495, p<0.001), and FEV1 decreased by 0.587 (95% CI: −0.796, −0.378, p<0.001). As shown in Table 4, the results remained unchanged in multivariable regression after adjusting for sex, age, prior COPD, smoking status, and significant alcohol intake (adjusted model 2), as well as in regression models additionally adjusting for adiposity, blood pressure, WBC count, total hemoglobin, serum transaminases, fasting glucose, and the plasma lipid profile (adjusted models 3). For instance, in adjusted model 2, we found that each one-point increase in the FIB-4 score was associated with a significant reduction in both FVC (−0.507 95% CI: −0.840, −0.173, p=0.003) and FEV1 (−0.439 95% CI: −0.739, −0.140, P=0.004).
Table 4Changes in lung function tests for 1-point increase in FIB-4 score in participants with MAFLD (n=519)
| Unadjusted model 1 | p | Adjusted model 2 | p | Adjusted model 3 | p |
---|
FVC, L | −0.748 (−1.002, −0.495) | <0.001 | −0.420 (−0.753, −0.088) | 0.014 | −0.507 (−0.840, −0.173) | 0.003 |
FVC, % of predicted value | −6.441 (−12.032, −0.851) | 0.024 | −1.816 (−7.564, −3.932) | 0.535 | −8.824 (−19.554, −1.906) | 0.107 |
FEV1, L | −0.587 (−0.796, −0.378) | <0.001 | −0.245 (−0.380, −0.042) | 0.015 | −0.439 (−0.739, −0.140) | 0.004 |
FEV1, % of predicted value | −4.039 (−9.724, 1.646) | 0.163 | −1.342 (−7.083, 4.435) | 0.652 | −6.053 (−16.621, 4.515) | 0.260 |
FEV1 /FVC, % | 0.996 (−2.524, 4.516) | 0.579 | 1.563 (−1.949, 5.074) | 0.382 | 1.299 (−7.671, −5.073) | 0.688 |
Lung function tests in MAFLD and NAFLD non-MD-NAFLD participants stratified by sex
The aforementioned results remained essentially unchanged even when we performed separate statistical analyses by sex. As shown in Supplementary Tables 1–4, we found that the trends in impairment of lung function were comparable in men and women with MAFLD, but that the impairment in lung function appeared to be greater in men than in women, after adjusting for age ≥65 years, pre-existing COPD, smoking status, significant alcohol intake, adiposity measures, and other potential confounding factors (Table S4, adjusted model 3).
Discussion
The main findings of this large cross-sectional study were that both MAFLD and NAFLD were significantly associated with decreased lung function tests (i.e., FVC and FEV1) in middle-aged Chinese adults after adjustment for multiple potential confounding factors. The observed decreases in lung function were significantly greater in participants with MAFLD than in those with NAFLD. Furthermore, the reductions in FEV1 and FVC in those with MAFLD increased progressively with the severity of liver fibrosis, as noninvasively assessed by the FIB-4 score.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first observational study that aimed to compare lung function parameters in NAFLD and MAFLD populations and to examine the association between lung function parameters and MAFLD fibrosis severity as assessed noninvasively by FIB-4 score. As summarized in Supplementary Table 5, previous observational studies reported that NAFLD was associated with impaired lung function tests,9,12,19–21,38 and that the association worsened as the histological severity of NAFLD progressed to a higher fibrosis stage.16 Moreover, some studies have shown a significant association between NAFLD and the presence of COPD or chronic restrictive pulmonary diseases.12,15,17 Although most of the aforementioned studies were cross-sectional and NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography, they support the existence of an association between NAFLD and COPD.
The precise pathogenic mechanisms underpinning the association between MAFLD and reduced lung function tests remain poorly understood. The lungs and the liver are both highly vascular organs with dual blood supplies, and both are involved in antigen processing and are master regulators of energy homeostasis.18 It might thus be hypothesized that MAFLD and its associated metabolic disorders, principally obesity and T2DM, may promote systemic chronic inflammation, increased oxidative stress, increased insulin resistance, and lipotoxicity,10,39,40 which may induce lung function impairment in the long-term, possibly by activation of bronchial inflammation, lung fibrosis, and hypotrophy of airway respiratory muscles. As low-grade chronic inflammation is associated with both impaired lung function and NAFLD,41,42 some studies have shown that increased plasma C-reactive protein concentrations are associated with impaired lung function.43–45 Impaired lung function may subsequently promote increased insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and low-grade chronic inflammation, all of which may contribute to NAFLD progression.46,47 Nevertheless, future prospective cohort studies are required to better elucidate the direction of the relationship between impaired lung function and fatty liver disease.
Recently, an international panel of experts proposed a change in name and definition of NAFLD to MAFLD.48 However, the criteria for diagnosing MAFLD and NAFLD are distinct, and to the best of our knowledge, there is currently no published research related to MAFLD and lung function. Thus, given the emerging worldwide epidemic of this metabolic liver disease, it is important to ascertain if the newly proposed definition of MAFLD is more able to identify subjects with impaired lung function compared to the old NAFLD definition. In our study, we made some key observations. Firstly, both MAFLD and NAFLD definitions were associated with significant reductions in lung function parameters in Chinese people, but the reductions was significantly greater in patients with MAFLD than in those with NAFLD. Secondly, patients with MAFLD and T2DM or overweight/obesity had greater decreases in lung function than their counterparts without T2DM or overweight/obesity. Thirdly, patients with MAFLD and increased FIB-4 scores had worse lung function, even after adjusting for sex, age, smoking status, significant alcohol intake, BMI, pre-existing T2DM, and other potential confounding factors. Fourthly, patients with non-MD-NAFLD had the best lung function parameters compared with the MAFLD and NAFLD groups. As patients with MAFLD have various metabolic abnormalities, especially overweight/obesity and T2DM, that may adversely affect lung function, it is clinically important to manage and control the underlying metabolic disorders related to MAFLD.
Our study has some important limitations that should be mentioned. Firstly, we used liver ultrasonography and FIB-4 scores for noninvasive diagnosing and staging of NAFLD or MAFLD. Secondly, the participants recruited from community hospitals were mostly middle-aged and elderly, which may have contributed to worse lung function compared with the normal population. Thirdly, the cross-sectional design of the study did not allow any temporal and causal inferences of the observed significant associations between decreased lung function volumes and MAFLD or MAFLD-related liver fibrosis. Finally, the findings should be confirmed in different ethnic groups.
In conclusion, the results of our study show that both MAFLD and NAFLD were associated with significant reductions of FEV1 and FVC in a large hospital-based cohort of middle-aged Chinese adults. The reductions in lung volumes were significantly greater in participants with MAFLD than in those with NAFLD. Reduced lung function parameters were also associated with higher FIB-4 scores in MAFLD. We suggest that future prospective and mechanistic studies are needed to decipher the existing but complex links between MAFLD and impaired lung function.
Supporting information
Supplementary Table 1
Comparison of main clinical and biochemical characteristics and lung function tests in men with and without MAFLD and in men with and without NAFLD.
(DOCX)
Supplementary Table 2
Comparison of clinical and biochemical characteristics and lung function in women with and without MAFLD and with and without NAFLD.
(DOCX)
Supplementary Table 3
Lung function tests with increasing FIB-4 quartiles in men and women with MAFLD.
(DOCX)
Supplementary Table 4
Change in lung function for each one-point increase in FIB-4 score in men and women with MAFLD (n=519).
(DOCX)
Supplementary Table 5
Published studies investigating the association between lung function parameters and NAFLD.
(DOCX)
Abbreviations
- ANOVA:
analysis of variance
- BMI:
body mass index
- BUN:
blood urea nitrogen
- CI:
confidence interval
- COPD:
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- DBP:
diastolic blood pressure
- eGFR:
estimated glomerular filtration rate
- FEV1:
forced expiratory volume measured in the first second of exhalation
- FIB-4:
fibrosis 4
- FVC:
forced vital capacity
- FPG:
fasting plasma glucose
- HDL:
high-density lipoprotein
- HOMA-IR:
homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
- LDL:
low-density lipoprotein
- MAFLD:
metabolic associated fatty liver disease
- NAFLD:
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NFS:
NAFLD fibrosis score
- non-MD-NAFLD:
nonmetabolic dysfunction-associated NAFLD
- SBP:
systolic blood pressure
- SD:
standard derivation
- T2DM:
type 2 diabetes mellitus
- TC:
total cholesterol
- TG:
triglyceride
Declarations
Data sharing statement
No additional data are available.
Funding
This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No: 2016YFC1304000), National Natural Science Foundation of China (82000690), High Level Creative Talents from Department of Public Health in Zhejiang Province, and the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province (No: 2019C03030). GT was supported in part by grants from the University School of Medicine of Verona, Verona, Italy. CDB was supported in part by the Southampton National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center.
Conflict of interest
MHZ has been an associate editor of Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology since 2013. The other authors have no conflict of interests related to this publication.
Authors’ contributions
Designed the study and analyzed the data (LM, LY, CSC, MHZ), collected the data (LSG, MYZ, YC, XN, SH, YWZ), performed the statistical analysis (HC, ZWX, SYY, HL, ZC, HZ), contributed to writing and proofreading the manuscript (YPL, QQS, TFZ, GT, CDB). All authors contributed to the manuscript for important intellectual content and approved the final submission.