Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent yet complex metabolic disorder that has shown a rising incidence over the past few decades. Recent research has identified flavonoids as compounds capable of both preventing and managing T2DM through various mechanisms. These mechanisms include enhancing insulin sensitivity, stimulating insulin secretion, modulating intestinal microbiota, inhibiting glucose absorption, and reducing gluconeogenesis. Moreover, numerous studies have suggested that flavonoids may influence gut hormones. Therefore, we propose that flavonoids could serve as effective therapeutic agents for T2DM by modulating intestinal hormone levels. This review aimed to elucidate the potential pathways through which flavonoids may impact T2DM, with a particular emphasis on their role in regulating the enteroendocrine system.

Waist circumference (WC) is closely associated with metabolic diseases, including diabetes mellitus (DM), metabolic syndrome, and mortality. However, the correlation between WC and mortality varies across populations and has rarely been examined specifically in patients with DM. In this study, we explored the relationships between WC and both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among individuals with DM.

Participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2018 included 3,151 women and 3,473 men with DM who had baseline WC measurements. Survival data were collected from enrollment until December 31, 2019. Cox proportional hazard models were adjusted for demographic features and other confounders. Restricted cubic spline curves and threshold effect analyses were performed separately for men and women. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to minimize reverse causality.

Among 6,624 participants with DM, 621 women and 871 men died during median follow-ups of 6.8 and 6.3 years, respectively. WC demonstrated a U-shaped association with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in women, and a J-shaped trend in men. The optimal WC thresholds for minimizing mortality risk were 107.0 cm for women and 89.0 cm for men. For women, adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause mortality were 0.97 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.96–0.98, P < 0.001) for WC below 107.0 cm and 1.04 (95% CI: 1.02–1.05, P < 0.001) for WC above 107.0 cm. In men, the corresponding ratios were 0.94 (95% CI: 0.90–0.97, P < 0.001) for WC below 89.0 cm and 1.03 (95% CI: 1.02–1.05, P < 0.001) for WC above 89.0 cm.

WC showed a U-shaped association with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in women and a J-shaped association in men among U.S. adults with DM from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms rather than promoting preconceived notions about an optimal WC.

Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have a higher prevalence and mortality rate of cardiovascular diseases, posing a significant burden on both individuals and society. Although the precise pathophysiological relationship between OSA and MetS remains unclear, their bidirectional interaction may create a harmful cycle of mutual reinforcement. This review explored the current treatment progress for OSA and MetS, including continuous positive airway pressure therapy, weight management, and metabolic surgeries. Studies indicate that while continuous positive airway pressure therapy effectively alleviates OSA symptoms, its impact on metabolic markers is limited, emphasizing the importance of long-term weight control. Metabolic surgeries, such as gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy, significantly reduce weight and directly improve metabolic abnormalities associated with MetS, such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, thereby lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, mandibular advancement devices primarily improve symptoms of OSA and indirectly enhance metabolic function by improving sleep quality and reducing intermittent hypoxemia. Although mandibular advancement devices have a limited direct impact on metabolic parameters, they may offer potential benefits in lowering blood pressure and managing MetS. Understanding and breaking the cycle between OSA and MetS can significantly reduce the associated cardiovascular risks.

Hyperuricemia (HU), characterized by elevated uric acid (UA) levels in the blood, is a global health concern associated with various conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, gout, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, renal dysfunction, and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies highlight the multifaceted origins of HU, implicating genetic predisposition, dietary patterns, lifestyle choices, and environmental influences. Genetic variations affecting enzymes and transporters involved in purine metabolism and UA excretion have been identified, paving the way for personalized treatment strategies. Advances in diagnostic imaging and omics technologies provide enhanced precision in detecting and evaluating risks. While pharmacological interventions remain central to managing HU, persistent challenges such as treatment resistance necessitate the exploration of novel drug targets and lifestyle modifications. Chinese herbal medicines present a potential alternative with fewer side effects. Emerging research on the impact of gut microbiota on UA metabolism opens new therapeutic avenues. Despite progress, challenges such as optimizing treatment duration and understanding long-term effects remain. Collaborative efforts are essential to address these challenges and advance our comprehension of HU. Integrating precision medicine and holistic patient care approaches holds promise for improving outcomes and enhancing the quality of life for individuals with HU. This review provided a contemporary analysis of HU, covering its causes, associated health risks, diagnosis, treatment, and future outlook.

Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have a higher prevalence and mortality rate of cardiovascular diseases, posing a significant burden on both individuals and society. Although the precise pathophysiological relationship between OSA and MetS remains unclear, their bidirectional interaction may create a harmful cycle of mutual reinforcement. This review explored the current treatment progress for OSA and MetS, including continuous positive airway pressure therapy, weight management, and metabolic surgeries. Studies indicate that while continuous positive airway pressure therapy effectively alleviates OSA symptoms, its impact on metabolic markers is limited, emphasizing the importance of long-term weight control. Metabolic surgeries, such as gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy, significantly reduce weight and directly improve metabolic abnormalities associated with MetS, such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, thereby lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, mandibular advancement devices primarily improve symptoms of OSA and indirectly enhance metabolic function by improving sleep quality and reducing intermittent hypoxemia. Although mandibular advancement devices have a limited direct impact on metabolic parameters, they may offer potential benefits in lowering blood pressure and managing MetS. Understanding and breaking the cycle between OSA and MetS can significantly reduce the associated cardiovascular risks.

Waist circumference (WC) is closely associated with metabolic diseases, including diabetes mellitus (DM), metabolic syndrome, and mortality. However, the correlation between WC and mortality varies across populations and has rarely been examined specifically in patients with DM. In this study, we explored the relationships between WC and both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among individuals with DM.

Participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2018 included 3,151 women and 3,473 men with DM who had baseline WC measurements. Survival data were collected from enrollment until December 31, 2019. Cox proportional hazard models were adjusted for demographic features and other confounders. Restricted cubic spline curves and threshold effect analyses were performed separately for men and women. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to minimize reverse causality.

Among 6,624 participants with DM, 621 women and 871 men died during median follow-ups of 6.8 and 6.3 years, respectively. WC demonstrated a U-shaped association with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in women, and a J-shaped trend in men. The optimal WC thresholds for minimizing mortality risk were 107.0 cm for women and 89.0 cm for men. For women, adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause mortality were 0.97 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.96–0.98, P < 0.001) for WC below 107.0 cm and 1.04 (95% CI: 1.02–1.05, P < 0.001) for WC above 107.0 cm. In men, the corresponding ratios were 0.94 (95% CI: 0.90–0.97, P < 0.001) for WC below 89.0 cm and 1.03 (95% CI: 1.02–1.05, P < 0.001) for WC above 89.0 cm.

WC showed a U-shaped association with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in women and a J-shaped association in men among U.S. adults with DM from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms rather than promoting preconceived notions about an optimal WC.