Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), a diabetes-specific cardiovascular complication, is pathologically characterized by cardiomyocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and myocardial fibrosis, distinguishing it from other cardiac disorders, such as hypertension and coronary artery disease. Challenges in early diagnosis, coupled with the limited efficacy and adverse effects of current treatments, have made DCM a significant contributor to heart failure and mortality in patients with diabetes. Natural products, recognized for their diverse sources, structural variety, and multitarget therapeutic potential, have shown promise in preventing and treating DCM. Drawing on advances over the past five years, this review systematically summarizes the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of natural products (e.g., flavonoids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, and polysaccharides) in the treatment of DCM, with the aim of providing a theoretical foundation for further research and drug development.

Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in physiological function, an increased risk of chronic diseases, and multiple molecular and cellular alterations, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), initially developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, may modulate pathways associated with the hallmarks of aging. This review aims to summarize the mechanistic and therapeutic evidence for GLP-1 RAs in targeting key aging processes and their potential to restore cellular homeostasis and enhance healthspan. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to August 2025. Both preclinical and clinical studies were included if they evaluated the effects of GLP-1 RAs on the major biological processes encompassed by the 12 hallmarks of aging, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance, dysbiosis, inflammaging, autophagy, proteostasis, and genomic stability. Data were analyzed narratively to elucidate potential mechanisms and translational relevance. Evidence from animal and human studies demonstrates that GLP-1 RAs improve mitochondrial function, reduce oxidative stress, attenuate chronic inflammation, and enhance autophagic activity. Additionally, they modulate nutrient-sensing pathways and metabolic processes, thereby improving cellular resilience. Preclinical studies indicate neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and hepatoprotective effects, while emerging clinical data support improvements in metabolic and inflammatory profiles in older adults. Taken together, GLP-1 RAs exert pleiotropic effects across all 12 hallmarks of aging. Although long-term safety and efficacy require further evaluation, current evidence positions GLP-1 RAs as promising therapeutic agents in translational geroscience, with the potential to mitigate age-related physiological decline and promote a longer, healthier lifespan.

Mediastinal germ cell tumors (GCTs) are rare malignant neoplasms that occasionally develop somatic-type malignancies (SMs), such as sarcomas, carcinomas, and hematologic malignancies.

We report a unique case of a 16-year-old male patient with a mediastinal GCT that simultaneously developed two different SMs: well-differentiated angiosarcoma and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AML). The patient initially presented with left shoulder pain and intermittent shortness of breath. The imaging study demonstrated a 12.5 × 9.0 × 8.5 cm heterogeneous mass in the left anterior mediastinum. The mediastinal mass was resected and showed a cystic mature teratoma with somatic transformation into well-differentiated angiosarcoma and AML. A subsequent bone marrow biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of AML, and next-generation sequencing demonstrated the presence of PTEN and TP53 gene mutations in the AML. Despite aggressive chemotherapy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation, the patient died 10 months after diagnosis.

Our report demonstrates the unique capability of mediastinal GCTs to simultaneously develop two different SMs. The presence of two different SMs in mediastinal GCTs is associated with extremely aggressive behavior and a poor prognosis.

The huge burden of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been a source of concern globally since the Industrial Revolution in the 18th–19th centuries. To this end, studies have shown that certain environmental changes that accompanied the Revolution may have increased the risk and burden of the disease in genetically predisposed individuals. However, documented studies that synthesize these environmental triggers are scarce. As a result, the current study was conceived to synthesize the environmental triggers of T1DM to boost public awareness. Relevant information was retrieved from reputable academic databases; namely, Scopus, PubMed, SpringerLink, and Embase. The results showed that chemical exposure, viral infection, gut microbiome disruption, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, inadequate or exclusive breastfeeding, as well as early exposure to infant feeding formulas could increase the risk and burden of T1DM in genetically predisposed individuals. As a consequence, these triggers could compromise the expression of certain genes involved in insulin synthesis and immune function, such as the human leukocyte antigen (HLA), insulin (INS), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) genes. This would result in a dysfunctional immune system in which immune cells, such as T-cells and B-cells and molecules, such as cytokines would attack self-tissues, thus causing autoimmunity of the pancreatic beta cells. Environmental triggers could also induce the T1DM pathophysiology by modifying the epigenome of the mentioned genes. Furthermore, some epigenetic changes could be reversed, which would infer that treatment procedures that would include the pathophysiology of the environmental triggers could be more effective.

Emerging evidence suggests that RNA-binding motif (RBM) proteins are involved in hepatocarcinogenesis and act either as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of RBM34, an RBM protein, in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

We first examined the expression of RBM34 across cancers. The correlation of RBM34 with clinicopathological features and the prognostic value of RBM34 for HCC was then investigated. Functional enrichment analysis of RBM34-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was performed to explore its biological function. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was applied to identify downstream genes and pathways affected upon RBM34 knockout. The correlation of RBM34 with immune characteristics was also analyzed. The oncogenic function of RBM34 was examined in in vitro and in vivo experiments.

RBM34 was highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and correlated with poor clinicopathological features and prognosis. RBM34 was positively associated with tumor immune cell infiltration, biomarkers of immune cells, and immune checkpoint expression. A positive correlation was also observed between RBM34, T cell exhaustion, and regulatory T cell marker genes. Knockout of RBM34 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and xenograft tumor growth, and sensitized HCC cells to sorafenib treatment. RBM34 inhibition reduced FGFR2 expression and affected PI3K-AKT pathway activation in HCC cells.

Our study suggests that RBM34 may serve as a new prognostic marker and therapeutic target of HCC.

Naringenin is an anti-inflammatory flavonoid that has been studied in chronic liver disease. The mechanism specific to its antifibrosis activity needs further investigation This study was to focused on the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS) pathway in hepatic stellate cells and clarified the antifibrosis mechanism of naringenin.

The relationship between the cGAS-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway and liver fibrosis was analyzed using the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence staining, Western blotting and polymerase chain reaction were performed to assess gene and protein expression levels associated with the cGAS pathway in clinical liver tissue samples and mouse livers. Molecular docking was performed to evaluate the relationship between naringenin and cGAS, and western blotting was performed to study the expression of inflammatory factors downstream of cGAS in vitro.

Clinical database analyses showed that the cGAS-STING pathway is involved in the occurrence of chronic liver disease. Naringenin ameliorated liver injury and liver fibrosis, decreased collagen deposition and cGAS expression, and inhibited inflammation in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated mice. Molecular docking found that cGAS may be a direct target of naringenin. Consistent with the in vivo results, we verified the inhibitory effect of naringenin on activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). By using the cGAS-specific agonist double-stranded (ds)DNA, we showed that naringenin attenuated the activation of cGAS and its inflammatory factors affected by dsDNA. We verified that naringenin inhibited the cGAS-STING pathway, thereby reducing the secretion of inflammatory factors by HSCs to ameliorate liver fibrosis.

Interrupting the cGAS-STING pathway helped reverse the fibrosis process. Naringenin has potential as an antihepatic fibrosis drug.