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Favipiravir-induced Liver Injury in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019

  • Pramod Kumar1,* ,
  • Anand Kulkarni1,
  • Mithun Sharma1,
  • Padaki Nagaraja Rao1 and
  • Duvvuru Nageshwar Reddy2
 Author information
Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology   2021;9(2):276-278

doi: 10.14218/JCTH.2021.00011

Favipiravir, an antiviral, was given restricted emergency use approval to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in many countries. While the clinical efficacy of favipiravir in COVID-19 remains uncertain, the approval was based on findings from in vitro studies and a clinical trial.1 Limited data from studies of the Ebola virus and influenza disease showed a favorable safety profile.2 Herein, we provide the first report of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) due to favipiravir in patients treated for COVID-19.

The first patient is a 70-year-old female who presented with 4 days of abdominal pain and jaundice. Historically, she received tab Favipiravir for mild COVID-19 illness for 2 weeks. She denied having taken any other medications or herbal supplements, or alcohol intake. She was icteric, and laboratory evaluation revealed a cholestatic liver chemistry pattern (Table 1). Hepatitis A/B/C/E serologies, autoimmune markers, ceruloplasmin, and serologies for Epstein-Barr/Herpes simplex/cytomegalovirus, hepatic Doppler ultrasound were all negative/normal. A percutaneous liver biopsy showed moderate hepatocellular cholestasis with bilirubinostasis and mild inflammation comprised of lymphocytes with few eosinophils in the portal tracts (Fig. 1). The patient was treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (15 mg/kg), and liver biochemistry normalized after 10 weeks. In the absence of other etiologies, bland cholestasis on liver biopsy, and Roussel Uclaf causality assessment method (RUCAM) score of 7, consistent with probable DILI, the diagnosis of favipiravir-induced acute cholestatic jaundice was made.

Table 1

Laboratory findings at presentation for the patients with favipiravir-induced liver injury

ParameterPatient 1Patient 2Patient 3
Hemoglobin in g/dL9.612.612.2
Total leucocyte count/µL10,50011,9005,000
Differential count, %N68/L26/E2/M4N84/L8/E1/M7N64/L24/E4/M8
Platelets/µL ×1033.321.4
Urea in mg/dL424045
Creatinine in mg/dL1.40.91.1
Total /direct bilirubin in mg/dL29.8/2112.5/9.34.7/2.7
Aspartate transaminase <40 U/L2001,265456
Alanine transaminase <40 U/L3522,031337
Alkaline phosphatase 30-120 U/L606362804
Protein in g/dL5.26.25.3
Albumin in g/dL3.53.82.8
International normalized ratio1.211.1
HospitalizationYesYesYes
Liver chemistry before starting tab favipiravirNormalNormalNormal
Liver injury patternCholestaticHepatocellularCholestatic
Latency period in days18 days12 days14 days
Favipiravir dose & duration3,600 mg on day 1 followed by 1,600 mg/day for 14 days3,600 mg on day 1 followed by 1,600 mg/day for 12 days3,600 mg on day 1 followed by 1,600 mg/day for 10 days
RUCAM score7: Probable DILI7: Probable DILI7: Probable DILI
DILI severity indexModerate-severeModerate-severeModerate-severe
OutcomeResolution
10 weeks
Resolution
4 weeks
Resolution
6 weeks
Liver biopsy with a high-power view of moderate hepatocellular cholestasis (white arrow) with bilirubinostasis.
Fig. 1  Liver biopsy with a high-power view of moderate hepatocellular cholestasis (white arrow) with bilirubinostasis.

The second patient is a 52-year-old female with essential hypertension, who presented with 5 days of jaundice and fatigue. She was treated with 12 days of tab favipiravir for mild COVID-19 illness. Aside from tablet paracetamol, the patient cited not taking any other medications or alcohol. Laboratory evaluation revealed markedly elevated liver enzymes, and workup for other causes of liver injury, as described previously, were negative (Table 1). The patient denied a liver biopsy and was treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (15 mg/kg). The patient made an uneventful recovery, and liver chemistries normalized after 4 weeks. Diagnosis of favipiravir-induced acute hepatitis was made with a RUCAM score of 7, consistent with probable DILI.

The third patient is a 50-year-old male with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis on tab entecavir, who presented with a 2-week history of abdominal distension and jaundice. The patient received tab favipiravir for 2 weeks for mild COVID-19 illness. The patient denied having taken any other medications or alcohol. The evaluation showed cholestatic liver chemistry, with a negative hepatitis B DNA titer. A computerized tomography scan showed evidence of cirrhosis with portal hypertension (Table 1). Workup for other causes of liver injury, as described for the first case, was negative. The patient was managed with diuretics, ursodeoxycholic acid, and other supportive medication. His symptoms and liver chemistries improved over the next 6 weeks. The diagnosis of acute decompensation of hepatitis B-related cirrhosis with acute cholestatic jaundice due to favipiravir was made with a RUCAM score of 7, consistent with probable DILI.

The unprecedented COVID-19 global pandemic has led to the rapid repurposing of investigational antiviral drugs, like favipiravir. The oral prodrug favipiravir is a purine nucleoside analogue; tje active metabolite favipiravir ibofuranosyl-5′-triphosphate inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of systemic acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).3 It is metabolized in the liver by aldehyde oxidase and partially to a hydroxylated form by xanthine oxidase. Mild self-limiting transaminase elevation was reported in 2.1% of patients.2,4 However, icteric presentation has never been reported in the English literature, to our knowledge. We suspected favipiravir-induced DILI in our cases because of latency timing, liver biopsy findings, exclusion of alternative causes, and a complete resolution with dechallenge. Liver enzyme abnormalities are also common in patients with COVID-19 and rarely progress to acute hepatitis. However, our patient’s delayed presentation after COVID-19-related symptom resolution and normal liver biochemistry at baseline rule out this possibility. Although the exact mechanism of liver injury is unknown, the liver injury could be due to an idiosyncratic reaction to favipiravir or its metabolites. Also, we speculate that a higher dose might be responsible for liver injury. The wide gap between half-cytotoxic concentration (>400 µM) and half-maximal effective concentration (61.88 µM) against SARS-CoV-2 gives a comfortable safety margin, even with a high dose of favipiravir.3 However, an increased intracellular concentration above the toxicity threshold cannot be ruled out owing to more considerable favipiravir plasma exposure in the Asian population, suggesting possible regional or ethnic differences in its pharmacokinetics.3,5 Besides, continuous use causes self-inhibition of its liver metabolism, which may increase the favipiravir/inactive metabolite ratio. More than a two-fold increase in favipiravir plasma concentrations over half-maximal effective concentration are also predicted.6 So, close monitoring of cardiac and hepatic function as well as of favipiravir blood concentration is recommended during the treatment period because of a lack of pharmacokinetics and safety data for higher doses.

In conclusion, we present the first report of hepatotoxicity cases in COVID-19 that were most likely due to favipiravir. Further research is needed to identify the related risk factors and mechanisms of liver injury.

Abbreviations

COVID-19: 

coronavirus disease 2019

DILI: 

drug-induced liver injury

RUCAM: 

Roussel Uclaf causality assessment method

SARS-CoV-2: 

systemic acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2

Declarations

Acknowledgement

We thank Dr. Gautam Bachu, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Dr. Mohan Ramchandani, Department of Gastroenterology, and Dr. Anuradha, Department of Pathology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology Hospitals, Hyderabad, India.

Informed patient consent

Provided by all patients presented in this report.

Funding

None to declare.

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflict of interests related to this publication.

Authors’ contributions

Study conception and design (PK, AK), compilation of information and initial drafting of the manuscript (PK), final editing and critical revision of the manuscript (PK, MS, AK, PNR, DNR). All authors approved the final draft.

References

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  2. Pilkington V, Pepperrell T, Hill A. A review of the safety of favipiravir - a potential treatment in the COVID-19 pandemic?. J Virus Erad 2020;6(2):45-51 View Article
  3. Du YX, Chen XP. Favipiravir: pharmacokinetics and concerns about clinical trials for 2019-nCoV infection. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020;108(2):242-247 View Article
  4. Ivashchenko AA, Dmitriev KA, Vostokova NV, Azarova VN, Blinow AA, Egorova AN, et al. AVIFAVIR for treatment of patients with moderate COVID-19: interim results of a phase II/III multicenter randomized clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis 2020:ciaa1176 View Article
  5. Eloy P, Solas C, Touret F, Mentré F, Malvy D, de Lamballerie X, et al. Dose rationale for favipiravir use in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020;108(2):188 View Article
  6. Arshad U, Pertinez H, Box H, Tatham L, Rajoli RKR, Curley P, et al. Prioritization of anti-SARS-Cov-2 drug repurposing opportunities based on plasma and target site concentrations derived from their established human pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020;108(4):775-790 View Article
  • Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology
  • pISSN 2225-0719
  • eISSN 2310-8819
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Favipiravir-induced Liver Injury in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019

Pramod Kumar, Anand Kulkarni, Mithun Sharma, Padaki Nagaraja Rao, Duvvuru Nageshwar Reddy
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