v
Search
Advanced

Publications > Journals > Journal of Exploratory Research in Pharmacology > Article Full Text

  • Opinion
  • OPEN ACCESS

Ozone Therapy for Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19

  • Gregorio Martínez-Sánchez1,2,* 
 Author information  Cite
Journal of Exploratory Research in Pharmacology   2022;7(3):190-195

doi: 10.14218/JERP.2022.00015

Abstract

The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), represents an unprecedented threat to health and the world economy. According to the scientific background and preliminary clinical trials, ozone therapy (OT) may help as complementary therapy in prophylaxis, treatment, and in the recovery of convalescents. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of registered clinical trials using OT on COVID-19 represented an increment of 36% compared to the total number of previously recorded clinical studies. At present, papers that report an intervention in COVID-19 patients total 25. Four trials have been done in prophylaxis, there are 3 manuscripts enrolled convalescents, and there is 1 meta-analysis. Manuscripts with outcomes, indexed in the MedLine database, represent 73%. The most widely used routes of administration for the intervention in COVID-19 patients are ozonated saline solution and major autohemotherapy. Preliminary results are encouraging, indicating that OT reduces inflammation indices, decreases the time of assisted respiration, decreases C-reactive protein, improves oxygen saturation, could decrease mortality, and makes polymerase chain reaction tests negative in shorter periods. When trained medical doctors follow the correct protocols and use certified devices, the improvements that have been reported allow the patients to recover more quickly. However, it is considered that larger clinical studies are needed.

Keywords

Ozone, Ozone therapy, COVID-19, SARS CoV-2

Introduction

As of March 2022, the pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), has spread to more than 227 countries or territories. It has infected more than 476 million people and has caused more than 6.1 million deaths, with an approximately 1.3% fatality rate. This represents an unprecedented threat to health and the world economy. An effective specific treatment is not yet available for patients with COVID-19 infection. In terms of prevention of mortality, an analysis of 101 clinical trials involving 67,491 participants showed that corticosteroids are likely to reduce mortality while colchicine may reduce mortality. There is no convincing evidence yet that any of the other treatments have a benefit in this outcome when compared with standard care or each other.1 Experiences in the past management of respiratory viral infections have provided insights into the treatment of COVID-19. Numerous potential therapies, including supportive therapy, immunomodulatory agents, antiviral therapy, and convalescent plasma transfusion, have been tentatively applied in clinical settings. Several of these therapies have provided benefits, but controlled clinical studies have not shown true efficacy for most of the more than 350 drugs under study. At the same time, work is being done on more than 150 types of vaccines, approximately 25% of which are currently in various phases of human trials.1 In addition, many obstacles remain, including the logistical difficulties of delivering the vaccines to the worldwide population.2 However, the development of an effective and safe vaccine is still some way off.3 Ozone therapy (OT), as a complementary method,4 has also had broad support as a therapeutic proposal. This perspective paper aims to review the main articles supporting the role of OT in prevention, complementary therapy, and support in convalescent patients of COVID-19. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of registered clinical trials using medical ozone on COVID-19 has represented a significant part of the total number of previously recorded clinical studies for ozone applications in medicine. Currently there are different clinical studies with outcomes from all over the world, indicative of the value of this therapy as a complement to treatment of COVID-19 patients. The potential role of OT in this disease merits further research. Appropriated use of ozone is an effective adjuvant therapy that can modulate oxidative stress and inflammation and can modulate immune response, although additional randomized clinical trials are urgently required to establish its potential benefit in the treatment of COVID-19.

Ozone therapy and COVID-19

Currently in the Medline database (PubMed), there are 4,129 documents related to OT, of which 310 are clinical trials, 214 are randomized controlled trials, 61 are systematic reviews, and 34 are meta-analysis studies, which support the use of ozone in medicine. In addition, ClinicalTrials.gov (a database of clinical studies in the US National Institutes of Health) currently has 61 studies registered for OT (of which 3 have terminated, 25 have completed, 3 are active and not recruited, and 13 are recruited). Moreover, registered interventional clinical trials for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 using OT included 22 clinical trials in the public clinical trials database, 7 of these with outcomes. Spain, Italy, China, and Iran have a record of 3 clinical trials. In addition, Cuba, Turkey, and Brazil have 2 clinical trials underway. Under clinical trials in groups using ozone, there are plans to recruit 999 COVID-19 patients. Most of the trials plan to use major autohemotherapy as the first administration method and rectal insufflation for the second. The number of studies related to the use of ozone in COVID-19 represents a high proportion (36%) in relation to the total number of studies registered on the use of ozone in medicine.

At present, 26 support reviews have been written about the mechanisms of OT as a complement in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Papers have been written by 100 authors of 11 nationalities. These authors are mainly from Italy (39%), Spain (15%), Iran (15%), and USA (13%). The main mechanisms supported are: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2)-Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) modulation, cytokines release modulation, improvement in hypoxia, improvement in blood flow, release of nitric oxide, modulation of the oxidative stress, cytoprotective effect, and ozone as a regulator of the intestinal microbiota.5–12 The available clinical information resulting from clinical trials (Table 1) mainly focus on clinical, radiological, and laboratory indices. However, some cases have found the modulation of cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) by ozone.13

Table 1

Main outcomes of the current studies of ozone in COVID-19 patient, in prevention and in the treatment of sequalae

Number of patient/controls. RemarksProtocolOutcomesReference
Ozone in prophylaxis of COVID-19
  9/0 Patients with sub-clinical symptoms of COVID-19RiO3 once a day for 5 days and 1 week later.Reduction of Telomere unit (BDORT Unit) from 14.219 at baseline to 0 at day 5. Pain intensity reduction. No changes in IL6 or PCR.Falzoni et al. (2021)17
  320 subject/Community prevalence8 MiAH, Vit. D, B12 in 2 months.Reduction in the incidence of COVID-19 2.19% vs 18.98%.Shah et al. (2020)18
  64/171 Health Care Workers4 O3SS one a day, follow 1 month.Significant (p = 0.04) decrease in rate of incidence of COVID-19: 4.6% vs 14.03%Sharma et al. (2020)14
  35 subject/Community prevalence8 MiAH one every 15 days, plus 1 session a month for 3 months.Decrease in rate of incidence of COVID-19 to 2.8%Ordóñez and de las Mercedes (2021)19
Ozone in treatment of COVID-19
  9/92 MAH a day for 4 days.Shorter mean time to clinical improvement.Hernández et al. (2021)20
  30/302 RiO3 a day + 1 MiAH daily for 10 days.Improve RT-PCR negative reaction (p = 0.01), improve in clinical symptoms (p < 0.05) and reduction in requirement for Intensive care (p < 0.05).Shah et al. (2021)21
  48/44MAH daily for 3 consecutive days.Did not show any effect on mortality, or mechanical intubation, but show a clinical improvement at day 7 from randomization, in a composite clinical endpoint.Sozio et al. (2021)22
  50/0 vs historical controlMAH daily, 3–5 session.Improvement of major respiratory indexes and blood gas parameters. Significant reduction of inflammatory and thromboembolic markers (CRP, IL-6, D-dimer).Franzini et al. (2020)13
  30/30MAH daily for 3 consecutive days.Significant clinical improvement in ozone group.Tascini et al. (2020)23
  9/92 MAH a day for 4 days.Significantly shorter time to clinical improvement in ozone group.Hernández et al. (2020)24
  2/0 vs historical controlMAH once daily for 7 consecutive days.Ozone therapy may promote recovery of clinical condition and improvement of chest CT images, shorten the duration of viral shedding and length of hospital stay.Zheng et al. (2020)25
  14/14MAH twice daily for 7 consecutive days.Ozone therapy had an impact on the need for the ventilatory support, although didn’t reach statistical significance.Araimo et al. (2020)26
  25/0 vs historical controlO3SS once daily for 10 consecutive days.Improvements in symptoms and laboratory results including: D-dimer, fibrinogen, lactate dehydrogenase, and C-reactive protein.Schwartz et al. (2021)27
  5/0MAH treatments in 5 days.Significant clinic improvement.Junping et al. (2020)28
  82 moderate: severe/0, 16 critical/0O3SS for 5–10 days with 1–2 doses per day.Shorter hospitalization and faster recovery.Razzaq et al. (2020)29
  4/0RIO3, 5 sessions (1 session/day)Improved oxygen saturation, biomarkers of inflammation decreased and improves Taylor’s radiological grade.Fernández-Cuadros et al. (2020)30
  9/9MAH, twice daily starting on the day of admission for a median of 4 days.Significantly (p = 0.01) shorter time to clinical improvement.Hernández et al. (2020)31
  1/0RIO3, 5 sessions (1 session/day).Improved oxygen saturation, biomarkers of inflammation decreased and improves Taylor’s radiological grade.Peña-Lora et al. (2020)32
  19/18O3SS ones daily for 10 days.Improvement in laboratory, radiological and clinical tests.Hammad et al. (2020)33
  14/ case controlRIO3, 8 sessions (1 session/day).Improved oxygen saturation, biomarkers of inflammation decreased and improves Taylor’s radiological grade.Fernández-Cuadros et al. (2021)34
  2/0RIO3, 1/2 sessions a day until discharged.Clinical improvement.Hendawy et al. (2021)35
  55/18MAH daily for 7 days.OT could reduce mortality.Çolak et al. (2021)36
  10/0O3SS once daily for 8 days.Resolved clinical symptoms, improved oxygenation, clearance of infiltrates on chest X-ray and improvement in biomarkers in a short period.Sharma et al. (2021)37
  1/0RIO3 daily for 10 days continuing with O3SS once daily for 8 days.Clinical improvement.Cachay-Morales, J. & Cachay-Agurto J. (2021)38

Note: No adverse effects were noticed in any of the studies cited in the table. Legend: MAH, Major autohemotherapy; MiAH, Minor autohemotherapy OT, Ozone therapy; RIO3, Rectal insufflation of ozone; O3SS, ozonized saline solution.

Presently, 33 scientific papers have been published with outcomes concerning the application of ozone in COVID-19 patients. Papers that report an intervention in the COVID-19 patients total 25 (508 patients), and 4 trials have been done in prophylaxis14 involving 599 subjects. There are 3 manuscripts enrolling 189 COVID-19 convalescents15 and 1 meta-analysis.16 Manuscripts with outcomes, indexed in the MedLine database are 73%. The most widely used routes of administration for the intervention in COVID-19 patients are: ozonated saline solution and major autohemotherapy (Fig. 1). Scientists involved in clinical trials, using OT in COVID-19 number 163, and are mainly from Italy (54), India (35) and Spain (26). The countries that have created the most international research networks are Italy and Spain.

Number of COVID-19 patients treated with ozone by route of administration in clinical trials with outcomes.
Fig. 1  Number of COVID-19 patients treated with ozone by route of administration in clinical trials with outcomes.

O3SS, ozonized saline solution; MAH, major autohemotherapy.

OT, despite being wrongly called “pseudoscience”, can actually be considered a “super science”. The analysis of the number of scientific publications on “Ozone Therapy”, in the PubMed central database of the National Library of Medicine of the United States, shows a growing trend (Fig. 2) in the number of papers that report study about the molecular, preclinical, and clinical support of this therapy. It is noteworthy that, in the last 2 years, the trend is to the appearance of 4 daily articles on this subject. This places OT in a good position, as far as scientific support is concerned.

Number of articles by years with the keywords “ozone therapy” in PubMed Central.
Fig. 2  Number of articles by years with the keywords “ozone therapy” in PubMed Central.

Sources: Pub Med Central (US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health), 2021.

In addition, the International Scientific Committee of Ozone Therapy (ISCO3) library (www.isco3.org ), in March, 2022 included 3,740 scientific articles on OT. Of these, 20%, a total of 763, correspond with preclinical research articles. The three fields where preclinical research is most concentrated are: sepsis, the antioxidant effects of ozone, and its actions on the musculoskeletal system, mainly on its analgesic effects. Moreover, ISCO3 library includes 2,538 clinical studies, which represent 68% of the total records. The first 3 areas in which ozone is used are: musculoskeletal diseases with 31%, which is mainly for the treatment of low back pain and knee pain. Next, with 16%, concerns the applications of OT in dentistry. The third place is for dermatological diseases, within which 68% represent the cure of ulcers, wounds, and diabetic foot. The database also indexes 21 meta-analysis studies and 234 literature reviews, focused on the clinical applications of ozone.

A preliminary report of an ongoing study in Italy of 46 COVID-19 patients (11 intubated and 35 non-intubated) showed that in 39 (84%) of the patients, an improvement was seen. In addition, a series of clinical studies (Table 1) has shown clinical, radiological, and laboratory improvement in patients treated with ozone, without side effects.

Despite this scientific background of studies on the potentials of medical ozone as a complementary therapy, medical ozone is still branded as a “biocide” (substance that is intended to destroy, counteract, neutralize, impede the action of, or exercise a control of another type on any organism considered harmful to humans) or “pseudoscience” (false treatment that is presented as scientific). This denotes a total ignorance of the concept of medical ozone defined in the Madrid Declaration on Ozone Therapy4 which defines basic aspects, such as the type of devises, qualification and preparation of the personnel that conduct therapies and safe standard medical protocols.

In this way, medical ozone is marginalized as an “orphan drug” (drug not widely developed by the pharmaceutical industry for financial reasons, since they are intended for a small group of patients, but which, nevertheless, respond to public health needs). In fact, most OT research is carried out by the private sector, as public funds are scarce to support these studies. In terms of costs, it is worth clarifying that most OT is applied in private clinics and this affects the cost of treatment to the patient. However, if this procedure were introduced in the public sector, the savings in resources, medicines, and length of hospital stays would have a great impact in terms of health economics, as some studies have suggested.39,40

Future directions

It can be said that at present, there are scientific premises to carry out larger clinical studies which allow the introduction of OT in the complementary treatment of pathologies of high incidence in the population, such as infectious diseases, diabetes and its complications, pain control, diseases where hypoxia are involved, and others. In particular in the case of COVID-19, the preliminary results are encouraging, in the sense that when trained medical doctors follow the correct protocols and use certified devices, the improvements that have been reported allow the patients to recover more quickly.

Conclusions

In COVID-19, the main results of the studies indicate that ozone reduces inflammation indices, decreases the time of assisted respiration, decreases C-reactive protein, improves oxygen saturation, could decrease mortality, and make PCR results negative in shorter periods. Despite preliminary data from current clinical trials, as well as expert opinions, it is considered that there is still not enough evidence to confirm OT as a viable treatment option for COVID-19. Therefore, larger clinical studies are needed.

Abbreviations

COVID-19: 

Coronavirus Disease 2019

IL-6: 

Interleukin-6

ISCO3: 

International Scientific Committee of Ozone Therapy

MAH: 

Major autohemotherapy

MiAH: 

Minor autohemotherapy

NF-κB: 

Nuclear factor kappa B

Nrf2: 

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor

O3SS: 

Ozonized saline solution

OT: 

Ozone therapy

PCR: 

Polymerase chain reaction test

RIO3: 

Rectal insufflation of ozone

SARS-CoV2: 

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Declarations

Acknowledgement

Thanks to all members of International Scientific Committee of Ozone Therapy for their contributions. Corrections to English style and wording: Ana Gutiérrez Gossweiler, and Michel Gossweiler.

Data sharing statement

Data supporting reported results can be found in the ISCO3 virtual library www.zotero.org/groups/46074/isco3_ozone/library, section Ozone therapy/Clinical/Infection diseases/Covid-19.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Conflict of interest

Gregorio Martínez-Sánchez is Chairman of International Scientific Committee of Ozone Therapy.

Authors’ contributions

GMS was the sole author.

References

  1. Siemieniuk RA, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Drug treatments for covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2020;370:m2980 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  2. Izda V, Jeffries MA, Sawalha AH. COVID-19: A review of therapeutic strategies and vaccine candidates. Clin Immunol 2021;222:108634 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  3. Tu YF, Chien CS, Yarmishyn AA, Lin YY, Luo YH, Lin YT, et al. A review of SARS-CoV-2 and the ongoing clinical trials. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21(7):E2657 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  4. ISCO3. Madrid Declaration on Ozone Therapy. 3 ed. Madrid, Spain: ISCO3; 2020
  5. Martínez-Sánchez G, Schwartz A, Donna VD. Potential cytoprotective activity of ozone therapy in SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020;9(5):E389 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  6. Izadi M, Cegolon L, Javanbakht M, Sarafzadeh A, Abolghasemi H, Alishiri G, et al. Ozone therapy for the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia: A scoping review. Int Immunopharmacol 2021;92:107307 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  7. Manjunath SN, Sakar M, Katapadi M, Geetha Balakrishna R. Recent case studies on the use of ozone to combat coronavirus: Problems and perspectives. Environ Technol Innov 2021;21:101313 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  8. Ranaldi GT, Villani ER, Franza L. Rationale for ozone-therapy as an adjuvant therapy in COVID-19: a narrative review. Med Gas Res 2020;10(3):134-138 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  9. Cattel F, Giordano S, Bertiond C, Lupia T, Corcione S, Scaldaferri M, et al. Ozone therapy in COVID-19: A narrative review. Virus Res 2021;291:198207 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  10. Gavazza A, Marchegiani A, Rossi G, Franzini M, Spaterna A, Mangiaterra S, et al. Ozone Therapy as a Possible Option in COVID-19 Management. Front Public Health 2020;8:417 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  11. Chirumbolo S, Franzini M, Simonetti V, Valdenassi L, Ricevuti G, Bertossi D, et al. Oxygen-ozone autohemotherapy against COVID-19 needs to fit highly experienced, customized, and standardized protocols to succeed. J Med Virol 2021;93(5):2580-2582 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  12. Yousefi B, Banihashemian SZ, Feyzabadi ZK, Hasanpour S, Kokhaei P, Abdolshahi A, et al. Potential therapeutic effect of oxygen-ozone in controlling of COVID-19 disease. Med Gas Res 2022;12(2):33-40 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  13. Franzini M, Valdenassi L, Ricevuti G, Chirumbolo S, Depfenhart M, Bertossi D, et al. Oxygen-ozone (O2-O3) immunoceutical therapy for patients with COVID-19. Preliminary evidence reported. Int Immunopharmacol 2020;88:106879 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  14. Sharma A, Shah M, Sane H, Gokulchandran N, Paranjape A, Khubchandani P, et al. Intravenous ozonized saline therapy as prophylaxis for healthcare workers (HCWs) in a dedicated COVID-19 hospital in India - A retrospective study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2021;25(9):3632-3639 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  15. Tirelli U, Franzini M, Valdenassi L, Pisconti S, Taibi R, Torrisi C, et al. Fatigue in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV2 (PASC) treated with oxygen-ozone autohemotherapy - preliminary results on 100 patients. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2021;25(18):5871-5875 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  16. Radvar S, Karkon-Shayan S, Motamed-Sanaye A, Majidi M, Hajebrahimi S, Taleschian-Tabrizi N, et al. Using ozone therapy as an option for treatment of COVID-19 patients: A Scoping Review. Adv Exp Med Biol 2021;1327:151-160 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  17. Falzoni W, Senvaitis MI, Iwasa S. COVID-19 profilaxis with ozonetherapy. Acupuncture and Electro-Therapeutics Research 2021;46(1):35-36 View Article
  18. Mili S, Jignasha C, Gayatri G. Immunity prophylaxis with ozone therapy -review report. EJBPS 2020;7(12):86-88
  19. Ordóñez M, De-Las-Mercedes V. Role of minor autohemotherapy in the prevention of COVID 19 in institutionalized elderly. Case report. Ozone Therapy Global Journal 2021;11(1):97-111
  20. Hernández A, Viñals M, Pablos A, Vilás F, Papadakos PJ, Wijeysundera DN, et al. Ozone therapy for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: Preliminary report of a prospective case-control study. Int Immunopharmacol 2021;90:107261 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  21. Shah M, Captain J, Vaidya V, Kulkarni A, Valsangkar K, Nair PMK, et al. Safety and efficacy of ozone therapy in mild to moderate COVID-19 patients: A phase 1/11 randomized control trial (SEOT study). Int Immunopharmacol 2021;91:107301 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  22. Sozio E, De Monte A, Sermann G, Bassi F, Sacchet D, Sbrana F, et al. CORonavirus-19 mild to moderate pneumonia Management with blood Ozonization in patients with Respiratory failure (CORMOR) multicentric prospective randomized clinical trial. Int Immunopharmacol 2021;98:107874 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  23. Tascini C, Sermann G, Pagotto A, Sozio E, De Carlo C, Giacinta A, et al. Blood ozonization in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 pneumonia: a single centre experience. Intern Emerg Med 2021;16(3):669-675 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  24. Hernández A, Viñals M, Pablos A, Vilas F, Papadakos PJ, Wijeysundera D, et al. Ozone therapy for patients with SARS-COV-2 pneumonia: a single-center prospective cohort study. medRxiv 2020:2020.06.03.20117994 View Article
  25. Zheng Z, Dong M, Hu K. A preliminary evaluation on the efficacy of ozone therapy in the treatment of COVID-19. J Med Virol 2020;92(11):2348-2350 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  26. Araimo F, Imperiale C, Tordiglione P, Ceccarelli G, Borrazzo C, Alessandri F, et al. Ozone as adjuvant support in the treatment of COVID-19: A preliminary report of probiozovid trial. J Med Virol 2021;93(4):2210-2220 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  27. Schwartz A, Martínez-Sánchez G, Menassa de Lucía A, Mejía Viana S, Alina Mita C. Complementary Application of the ozonized saline solution in mild and severe patients with pneumonia Covid-19: A non-randomized pilot study. JPPR 2021;9(2):126-142
  28. Wu J, Tan CS, Yu H, Wang Y, Tian Y, Shao W, et al. Recovery of four COVID-19 patients via ozonated autohemotherapy. Innovation (N Y) 2020;1(3):100060 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  29. Razzaq HA, Hasan MS, Al-Dhalemy MF, Al-Silaykhee WM, Alhmadi HB, Majeed ZA. Utilization of ozone as a complementary therapy for COVID-19 patients. Int J Psychosoc Rehabilitation 2020;24(7):10577-10588 View Article
  30. Fernández-Cuadros ME, Albaladejo-Florín MJ, Álava-Rabasa S, Usandizaga-Elio I, Martinez-Quintanilla Jimenez D, Peña-Lora D, et al. Effect of rectal ozone (O3) in severe COVID-19 pneumonia: preliminary results. SN Compr Clin Med 2020;2:1328-1336 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  31. Hernández A, Viñals M, Isidoro T, Vilás F. Potential role of oxygen-ozone therapy in treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia. Am J Case Rep 2020;21:e925849 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  32. Peña-Lora DY, Albaladejo-Florín MJ, Fernández-Cuadros ME. Usefulness of rectal ozonetherapy in a geriatric patient with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2020;55(6):362-364 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  33. Hammad EV, Nikitin IG, Fedorova KV. Ozone therapy in patients with the new Coronavirus infection Covid-19. Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine 2020;5:94-100 View Article
  34. Fernández-Cuadros ME, Albaladejo-Florín MJ, Álava-Rabasa S, Gallego-Galiana J, Pérez-Cruz GF, Usandizaga-Elio I, et al. Compassionate use of rectal ozone (O3) in severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a case-control study. SN Compr Clin Med ;2021:1-15 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  35. Hendawy HA, Mosallam W, Abuelnaga ME, Sabry AM. Old treatment for a new disease: can rectal ozone insufflation be used for COVID-19 management? A case report. SN Compr Clin Med 2021;3(6):1424-1427 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  36. Çolak Ş, Genç Yavuz B, Yavuz M, Özçelik B, Öner M, Özgültekin A, et al. Effectiveness of ozone therapy in addition to conventional treatment on mortality in patients with COVID-19. Int J Clin Pract 2021;75(8):e14321 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  37. Sharma A, Shah M, Lakshmi S, Sane H, Captain J, Gokulchandran N, et al. A pilot study for treatment of COVID-19 patients in moderate stage using intravenous administration of ozonized saline as an adjuvant treatment-registered clinical trial. Int Immunopharmacol 2021;96:107743 View Article PubMed/NCBI
  38. Cachay-Morales J, Cachay-Agurto J. Caso clínico: Uso de la Ozonoterapia Rectal y Solución Salina Ozonizada en paciente con neumonía COVID-19. Reporte de caso. Ozone Therapy Global Journal 2021;11(1):53-68
  39. Rodríguez VB, Abreu-Casas D, Rodríguez-Paz NJ, Prieto-Jiménez IL, Álvarez-Rosell N. Effectiveness of ozone therapy in the treatment of pain due to intervertebral disc herniation. Rev Chil Neurocirugía 2019;45(1):8-19 View Article
  40. Martínez-Sánchez G, Al-Dalain SM, Menéndez S, Re L, Giuliani A, Candelario-Jalil E, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of ozone in patients with diabetic foot. Eur J Pharmacol 2005;523(1-3):151-161 View Article PubMed/NCBI
Copyright © 2022 Authors. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License (CC BY-NC 4.0), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
  • Journal of Exploratory Research in Pharmacology
  • pISSN 2993-5121
  • eISSN 2572-5505

Article Options

Metrics

Cite this Article

  • © 2024 Xia & He Publishing Inc.
  • Total visits : 2759023
  • Visits today : 339
Back to Top

Ozone Therapy for Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19

Gregorio Martínez-Sánchez
  • Reset Zoom
  • Download TIFF