Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (HVOD), also known as hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS), is a specific type of hepatic vascular disease. The most common cause of HSOS in Western countries is the pretreatment of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In China, the most common cause is the ingestion of plants containing pyrrolidine alkaloids (PAs). In the case of HSCT-HSOS in Europe and the United States, relevant examinations, warning symptoms, and disease staging standards before and after transplantation have been clarified; however, there is a lack of corresponding imaging standards. In China, because there are no obvious early clinical symptoms and effective diagnostic methods for PA-HSOS, the disease can go undiagnosed or be misdiagnosed, and the lack of clinical staging is not conducive to the guidance of clinical diagnosis and treatment. In this article, we review the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of HSOS in order to provide a reference for clinicians and researchers and contribute to future efforts aimed at establishing highly specific indicators for the diagnosis and prognosis of this disease.