Surgical management of supratentorial spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) remains controversial. Craniotomy (CT) reduces mortality but offers limited functional benefits. Neuroendoscopic surgery (NE) has emerged as a viable alternative, providing improved outcomes. Recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) strengthen ongoing comparisons between these approaches. This meta-analysis systematically evaluates the efficacy and safety of NE versus CT for supratentorial sICH.

RCTs comparing NE versus CT for supratentorial sICH were systematically identified through comprehensive searches of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases. Evaluated outcomes included functional outcome (favorable or unfavorable), hematoma evacuation rate, mortality, intraoperative blood loss, operation time, rebleeding, infection (including pulmonary and intracranial), and total complications. Cochrane’s Risk of Bias-2 tool was employed to assess the risk of bias across the included studies.

Eight RCTs were included, comprising 1,354 patients. NE demonstrated a significant advantage in achieving a favorable functional outcome (risk ratio: 1.43; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22, 1.68; p < 0.001) and a notably higher hematoma evacuation rate (mean difference (MD): 7.60; 95% CI 3.59, 11.61; p < 0.001). Additionally, NE was associated with a marked reduction in intraoperative blood loss (MD: −152.95; 95% CI −261.68, −44.22; p = 0.006) and a substantial reduction in operative time (MD: −118.49; 95% CI −147.30, −89.67; p < 0.001). The incidences of unfavorable functional outcome and total complications, including pulmonary infection, were significantly lower in the NE group. However, NE did not lead to an improvement in the mortality rate, and there were no significant differences in the incidences of postoperative rebleeding or intracranial infection between the two groups.

These findings suggest that NE offers distinct advantages in terms of functional outcomes and surgical efficiency for patients with supratentorial sICH. Future studies should involve larger, higher-quality RCTs, and neuroendoscopic techniques should be continuously optimized.

With the increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnostics, AI algorithms have shown great potential in aiding diagnostics. As more of these algorithms are developed, there is overwhelming enthusiasm for implementing digital and artificial intelligence-based pathology (DAIP), but doubts and pitfalls are also emerging. However, few original or review articles address the limitations and practical aspects of implementing DAIP. In this review, we briefly examine the evidence related to the benefits and pitfalls of DAIP implementation and argue that DAIP is not suitable for every clinical laboratory.

We searched the PubMed database using the following keywords: “digital pathology,” “digital AI pathology,” and “AI pathology.”. Additionally, we incorporated personal experiences and manually searched related papers.

Ninety-two publications were found, of which 24 met the inclusion criteria. Many advantages of DAIP were discussed, including improved diagnostic accuracy and equity. However, several limitations of implementing DAIP exist, such as financial constraints, technical challenges, and legal/ethical concerns.

We found a generally favorable but cautious outlook for the implementation of DAIP in the pathology workflow. Many studies have reported promising outcomes in using AI for diagnosis and analysis; however, there are also several noteworthy limitations in implementing DAIP. Therefore, a balance between the benefits and pitfalls of DAIP must be thoroughly articulated and examined in light of the institution’s needs and goals before making the decision to implement DAIP. Approaches for mitigating machine learning biases were also proposed, and the adaptation and growth of the pathology profession were discussed in light of DAIP development and advances.

This review explores how the gut microbiome influences aging, particularly examining the effects of microbiome imbalances (dysbiosis) on immune system function, inflammation, and the integrity of genetic material. As we age, there is a noticeable decline in cellular and physiological capabilities, which heightens the risk of diseases and diminishes the body’s resilience to stress. A significant contributor to this decline is the change in the gut microbiome, which affects immune reactions, triggers chronic inflammation, and worsens DNA damage. The review is structured into several key areas: first, the connection between dysbiosis and age-related ailments such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus; second, how aging influences immune tolerance, especially regarding dendritic cells, and its link to autoimmune diseases; third, the acceleration of immunosenescence and the prolonged inflammatory responses associated with aging; and fourth, the impact of senescent cells and oxidative stress on increasing inflammation and damaging DNA. We also underscored the significance of short-chain fatty acids produced by beneficial gut bacteria in modulating immune responses and facilitating DNA repair. The discussion includes the potential use of probiotics and other microbiome-related interventions as treatment options to promote healthy aging. Ultimately, we stressed the necessity for additional research to deepen our comprehension of the microbiome’s effect on DNA damage and to create personalized therapeutic strategies for fostering healthier aging and enhancing longevity.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) significantly impacts the central nervous system, with limited effective treatments available. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a crucial role in neuronal growth, survival, and regeneration after SCI. MicroRNAs, particularly miR-124-3p, have been implicated in SCI pathophysiology. However, the relationship between miR-124-3p and BDNF in the context of SCI remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between miR-124-3p expression and BDNF levels in a rat model of spinal cord injury and to assess how the timing of injury affects this relationship.

This study included 72 male Wistar rats divided into three groups: intact (n = 8), sham (n = 32), and SCI (n = 32). SCI diagnosis was confirmed through behavioral-motor function analysis using the Basso, Beattie & Brenham score and histological examination with crystal violet staining. The expression levels of miR-124-3p and BDNF were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction in all groups at four time points (one hour, one day, three days, and seven days post-injury).

In the SCI group, a marked reduction in miR-124-3p expression was observed relative to both the sham and intact groups. Conversely, there was a substantial elevation in BDNF expression within the SCI group in comparison to the sham and intact groups. The findings underscore a negative association between miR-124-3p expression and BDNF messenger RNA levels.

The downregulation of miR-124-3p and concurrent upregulation of BDNF suggest a potential regulatory role of miR-124-3p in modulating BDNF expression during SCI. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying SCI and suggest that miR-124-3p and BDNF could serve as potential therapeutic targets. Further research is needed to explore the translational potential of these findings for developing novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for SCI.

In recent years, it has been found that Lycium barbarum can repair liver damage and promote liver regeneration. Additionally, the polysaccharides contained in Lycium barbarum have anticancer properties and can induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Molecular docking, a mature computer-aided method, is widely used in drug discovery. This study aimed to verify the efficacy of active ingredients of Lycium barbarum in the treatment of liver cancer by molecular docking.

The effect of the active ingredients of Lycium barbarum in the treatment of liver cancer was verified by molecular docking, based on a previous study that examined the impact of Lycium barbarum on liver cancer using network pharmacology.

The binding energies of the key active ingredients and core targets were all less than −5.0 kcal/mol (1 kcal = 4.184 J), with most of them being less than −7.0 kcal/mol. This indicates that the key active ingredients and core targets have good binding ability, with most demonstrating strong binding affinity.

Most of the active ingredients in wolfberry can spontaneously bind to the core target protein, thereby playing a therapeutic role in liver cancer.

FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutations are among the most common genetic alterations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and play a pivotal role in leukemogenesis. The two primary mutation types, internal tandem duplications (ITDs) and tyrosine kinase domain point mutations, serve as key prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have revolutionized FLT3 mutation detection by providing precise insights into mutation architecture, enhancing risk stratification, and enabling personalized treatment strategies. Additionally, these advancements have facilitated molecular minimal residual disease (MRD) testing, which is instrumental in guiding post-remission management. This review summarizes the molecular characteristics, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic implications of FLT3 mutations in hematologic malignancies.

A narrative review of the current literature on FLT3 mutations was conducted, incorporating data from original research articles, clinical trials, and recent reviews. Relevant studies were identified through a PubMed literature search and manually curated.

FLT3 mutations are detected in approximately 30% of AML cases and occur at lower frequencies in myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and mixed phenotype acute leukemia. NGS enables comprehensive mutation profiling, revealing rare variants and subclonal complexity while supporting MRD detection with high analytic sensitivity. FLT3-ITD-based MRD positivity is strongly associated with relapse and poor survival in AML. Clinical trial data support FLT3 inhibitors, including midostaurin, gilteritinib, and quizartinib, in FLT3-mutated AML. Additionally, MRD-guided therapy and combination treatment strategies are promising approaches to overcoming resistance.

FLT3 mutations play a central role in the pathogenesis and treatment of AML and related malignancies. NGS-based testing and MRD monitoring transform clinical decision-making by refining risk stratification and enabling personalized therapeutic interventions. Establishing standardized testing protocols and the broader integration of FLT3-targeted therapies will be essential for optimizing patient outcomes.

Emergency department (ED) presentations are associated with higher cancer mortality. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, frequency, and risk factors in Australian patients diagnosed with malignant skin cancers.

This data-linkage cohort study examined adult patients presenting to the ED at the Royal Melbourne and Western Health hospitals within 12 months of a malignant skin cancer diagnosis. Multivariable logistic and Poisson regressions were used to analyze factors influencing the prevalence and frequency of ED presentations.

A total of 3,873 patients were diagnosed with skin malignancies between 2010 and 2018, of which 631 were diagnosed with melanoma. The prevalence of ED presentation was 29%, representing 2,119 episodes of care (median: 0; range: 0–14). Risk factors for a higher prevalence and frequency included: age ≥75 years (odds ratio (OR) = 1.78 [95% confidence interval 1.47–2.15]; incidence risk ratio (IRR) = 1.52 [1.35–1.70]); male (OR = 1.17 [1.01–1.36]; IRR = 1.23 [1.12–1.35]); socioeconomic status levels of 0–30% (OR = 1.59 [1.24–2.03]; IRR = 1.69 [1.45–1.96]) and 71–100% (OR = 1.30 [1.07–1.58]; IRR = 1.27 [1.12–1.45]); preferred language other than English (OR = 1.47 [1.17–1.84]; IRR = 1.49 [1.32–1.69]); and experience with any systemic therapy or radiotherapy (OR = 3.77 [2.12–6.71]; IRR = 2.36 [1.82–3.05]). Age < 65 years was protective (OR = 0.72 [0.59–0.89]; IRR = 0.78 [0.68–0.90]). Other preferred languages and cancer treatment experience were also risk factors in the sub-cohort with melanoma.

This study reports the prevalence and frequency of ED presentations following a skin cancer diagnosis and their association with socioeconomic and linguistic factors in Australia. Increased awareness of these factors could help address health inequities and potentially reduce the need for ED presentations.