None to declare.
Conflict of interest
AJS is President of Sanyal Biotechnology and has stock options in Genfit, Akarna, Tiziana, Indalo, Durect, and Galmed. He has served as a consultant to Astra Zeneca, Nitto Denko, Enyo, Ardelyx, Conatus, Nimbus, Amarin, Salix, Tobira, Takeda, Jannsen, Gilead, Terns, Birdrock, Merck, Valeant, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Lilly, Hemoshear, Zafgen, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Exhalenz, and Genfit. He has been an unpaid consultant to Intercept, Echosens, Immuron, Galectin, Fractyl, Syntlogic, Affimune, Chemomab, Zydus, Nordic Bioscience, Albireo, Prosciento, Surrozen, and Bristol Myers Squibb. His institution has received grant support from Gilead, Salix, Tobira, Bristol Myers, Shire, Intercept, Merck, Astra Zeneca, Malinckrodt, Cumberland, and Novartis. He receives royalties from Elsevier and UptoDate. MN has been on the advisory board for 89BIO, Gilead, Intercept, Pfizer, Novo Nordisk, Blade, EchoSens, Fractyl, Terns, Siemens, and Roche diagnostic; MN has received research support from Allergan, BMS, Gilead, Galmed, Galectin, Genfit, Conatus, Enanta, Madrigal, Novartis, Pfizer, Shire, Viking, and Zydus; MN is a minor shareholder or has stocks in Anaetos, Rivus Pharma, and Viking. The other authors have no conflict of interests related to this publication.
Authors’ contributions
Conception and design (CHN, DJHT, MDM), administrative support (NC, BT, DQH, NT, RF, MYC, MN, MSS, AJS, MDM), provision of study materials or patients (NC, BT, DQH, NT, RF, MYC, MN, MSS, AJS, MDM), collection and assembly of data (JX, CHN, YHC), data analysis and interpretation (JX, CHN, YHC, DJHT, WHL, GL, JQ, ASPT, KEC, RYS), manuscript writing (all authors), and provision of final approval of manuscript (all authors)