Radiotherapy remains one of the essential treatment modalities for brain gliomas, brain metastases, pediatric neuroblastomas, and primary central nervous system lymphomas. With continuous advancements in modern radiotherapy techniques, patients have achieved significantly improved local control rates and prolonged survival. However, the long-term complications associated with radiotherapy have become increasingly evident. Radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) is a clinical syndrome characterized primarily by neurological dysfunction following focal or whole-brain radiotherapy. It negatively impacts patients’ quality of life and imposes a considerable burden on families and society. With the rapid development of medical imaging and artificial intelligence technologies, multimodal imaging techniques, including structural magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, perfusion imaging, positron emission tomography-computed tomography metabolic imaging, and radiomics, have demonstrated significant potential for early detection, dynamic monitoring, and quantitative evaluation of RIBI. Meanwhile, treatment strategies for RIBI are shifting from traditional symptomatic and supportive care toward multidimensional interventions aimed at protecting the blood-brain barrier, modulating neuroinflammation, and implementing precise targeted therapies. Additionally, emerging studies have explored neuromodulation techniques and gut-brain axis regulation, offering new directions for the prevention and treatment of RIBI. Although conventional imaging methods remain valuable for diagnosing RIBI, they exhibit notable limitations in the early stages of the disease and in differentiating RIBI from tumor recurrence. This review focuses on the current state of technological development, key findings, and existing limitations, with the aim of providing a theoretical foundation and technical support for the early identification and precise intervention of RIBI.

Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL), caused by apolipoprotein B (APOB) variants, disrupts APOB-containing lipoprotein synthesis, leading to reduced serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and APOB. Heterozygous carriers are often asymptomatic, while homozygotes exhibit severe manifestations like malabsorption, vitamin deficiencies, and hepatic steatosis. In recent years, FHBL has attracted increasing attention due to its association with liver disease and its role as a unique monogenic model of steatotic liver disease independent of cardiometabolic risk factors. Mechanistically, lipid overload, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative damage, and impaired autophagy may drive hepatocellular injury and fibrosis. Challenges include insufficient diagnosis, sparse epidemiological data, and unclear disease progression. Enhanced genetic testing, mechanistic research, and longitudinal studies are critical to improving diagnosis, risk assessment, and therapies for FHBL-associated liver disease.

Regular exercise is fundamental for people with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), yet exercise maintenance is generally poor. This generative co-design process aimed to embed the voices and opinions of people with lived experience of MASLD and their care stakeholders to (i) frame barriers and enablers to exercise maintenance and (ii) highlight priorities for exercise-focused research agendas in MASLD.

A generative co-design framework was applied. Two virtual co-design sessions were undertaken: Session 1 – Framing the issue, where initial discovery was conducted with people with lived experience of MASLD; and Session 2 – Generative design and sharing ideas with lived experience partners and healthcare stakeholders. Sessions were audio-recorded and transcribed, and key determinants and considerations were discerned by two independent researchers.

Lived experience partners (n = 5, 53 ± 16 years, 40% male) ranked five equally important barriers to exercise maintenance: musculoskeletal and pain issues, lack of access to exercise equipment/facilities, cost, competing priorities, and low energy levels, which influenced core positive and negative determinants. Alongside lived experience partners, healthcare stakeholders (hepatologists [n = 3], exercise professionals [n = 3], 67% male) identified three core needs with eight considerations. Some disconnects in priorities were observed. Lived experience partners emphasized affordability, accessibility, and considerations for comorbidities, while healthcare partners advocated for research on natural history, prevention, behavior change, cost-effectiveness, and health system change.

This co-design methodology highlights unique consumer-informed research questions. Exercise interventions and their associated implementation trials will benefit from being co-designed with both people with MASLD and care stakeholders.

The gut microbiota is crucial in maintaining host health and liver function. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has shown promising potential in treating chronic liver diseases. To help clinicians quickly master and standardize the clinical application of FMT for chronic liver disease, the Liver Related Digestive Diseases Group of the Chinese Society of Hepatology of the Chinese Medical Association has developed the “Expert Consensus on the Clinical Application of FMT for Chronic Liver Disease.” This consensus addresses the key aspects of FMT, including the indications, contraindications, efficacy, safety, donor selection, transplantation routes, precautions, and the prevention and management of adverse reactions for chronic liver conditions, such as chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer, thereby offering reference and guidance to clinicians implementing FMT in the treatment of chronic liver disease.

Myosteatosis is associated with poor outcomes in various liver diseases. However, standardized methods for assessing, defining, and diagnosing myosteatosis in the context of liver diseases remain unclear. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms by which myosteatosis leads to pathophysiological progression and adverse health outcomes remain elusive. Therefore, in this review, we elaborate on the currently available measures, definitions, and diagnostic criteria of myosteatosis in the existing literature. We thoroughly clarify the recent evidence and data regarding the possible involvement of myosteatosis in the progression and deterioration of various liver diseases and resulting complications, including liver cirrhosis, chronic viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic/metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, liver transplantation, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Additionally, it synthesizes insights from basic research on the pathogenesis of myosteatosis, which involves multifactorial mechanisms, including insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic inflammation. Finally, from an operational and pragmatic perspective, several regimens, including physical, nutritional, and pharmacological therapies, have been discussed as potential treatments for myosteatosis.