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Mini Review Open Access
Fernando Bessone, Geraldine L. Hillotte, Norberto Tamagnone, Daiana Arnedillo, Marcelo G. Roma
Published online January 21, 2025
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Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology. doi:10.14218/JCTH.2024.00325
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a harmful reaction to medications, herbs, and dietary supplements that results in liver dysfunction. Based on the distinct clinical patterns [...] Read more.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a harmful reaction to medications, herbs, and dietary supplements that results in liver dysfunction. Based on the distinct clinical patterns of liver damage, DILI can be categorized into hepatocellular, cholestatic, and mixed types. Hepatocellular DILI is linked to inflammation, apoptosis, and necrosis, while cholestatic DILI is commonly associated with bile plugs and, in rare cases, ductopenia. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the therapeutic agent most widely used for the treatment of cholestatic hepatopathies of diverse etiologies and has been mainly used as a supportive treatment in cholestatic DILI. In this review, we presented a more structured and systematic framework for the potential application of this hepatoprotective agent across a broader range of DILI scenarios. A MEDLINE search of the literature from 1995 to the present retrieved 41 preliminary clinical studies suggesting that UDCA may offer curative and preventive benefits for hepatocellular DILI as well. This aligns with preclinical studies in rodents, showing beneficial effects of UDCA in experimental DILI irrespective of the clinical patterns of injury involved. This could be due to the broad range of potentially beneficial effects of UDCA, which may address the various types of liver damage with different causes and mechanisms seen in all forms of DILI. UDCA’s beneficial properties include anticholestatic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-necrotic, mitochondrial protective, endoplasmic reticulum stress-relieving, and immunomodulatory effects. Controlled studies with systematic use of standardized causality assessments are eagerly awaited to properly validate the use of UDCA in DILI. Meanwhile, we hope this article helps clarify and systematize the use of this versatile and safe hepatoprotective medication for different types of liver toxicity.

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Original Article Open Access
Boyuan Ren, Jiayan Jin, Yichen Wang, Xiao Xu, Yun Liu, Hongfan Ding, Qiang Li, Ji-de Jin
Published online August 30, 2024
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Future Integrative Medicine. doi:10.14218/FIM.2024.00031
Abstract
Radiation injury poses a serious threat to human health, causing complex and multifaceted damage to cells and tissues. Such injury can be caused by various factors, including nuclear [...] Read more.

Radiation injury poses a serious threat to human health, causing complex and multifaceted damage to cells and tissues. Such injury can be caused by various factors, including nuclear accidents, medical radiation therapy, and space travel. Currently, finding effective treatment methods and drugs to mitigate the harmful effects of radiation injury on the human body is a crucial research direction. This study aimed to explore the protective effects and mechanisms of Licochalcone B (Lico B) on radiation-induced cell damage and radiation-induced mortality in mice.

HaCaT cells, THP-1 cells, and HAEC cells were irradiated with a 10 Gray (Gy) dose of X-rays, while RAW 264.7 cells were irradiated with a 10 Gy dose of γ-rays. The cells were pre-treated with Lico B for 2 h before irradiation, and samples were collected 2 h after irradiation. Cell proliferation viability, oxidative stress levels, DNA damage, expression levels of inflammatory factors, matrix metalloproteinases, guanylate cyclase, and iron death-related factors were measured. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to total-body irradiation with a dose of 8 Gy or a combined dose of 6 Gy + 8 Gy of γ-rays to induce radiation injury. Lico B was injected intraperitoneally one day before irradiation and then administered for two consecutive days, with continuous observation for 20 days.

Mechanistically, Lico B significantly improved antioxidant levels, reduced DNA damage, and lowered the expression of inflammatory factors in HaCaT, THP-1, HAEC, and RAW 264.7 cells. Therapeutically, Lico B increased cell proliferation capacity and significantly extended the survival time of irradiated mice, demonstrating a strong radioprotective effect.

Lico B exhibits significant radioprotective effects and may serve as a potential radioprotective agent.

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Letter to the Editor Open Access
Yizhao Ma, Zhenting Zhao, Bin Lan, Xiaohui Du, Pengyue Zhao
Published online August 22, 2024
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Oncology Advances. doi:10.14218/OnA.2024.00018
Original Article Open Access
Zijie Xu, Wei Li, Wenli Li, Dalei Jiang, Quanjiang Dong, Lili Wang
Published online October 17, 2024
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Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine. doi:10.14218/ERHM.2024.00023
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection can cause multiple secondary digestive disorders. Some studies have found that polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes, including [...] Read more.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection can cause multiple secondary digestive disorders. Some studies have found that polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes, including TLR10 rs10004195, may be associated with increased susceptibility to H. pylori infection. Despite conflicting reports, we conducted a meta-analysis to clarify the relationship between these factors.

We conducted an exhaustive review, encompassing all relevant literature up to February 2024, using databases such as PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure. We screened studies based on specific criteria and evaluated their quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Heterogeneity testing and meta-analysis were performed using Stata 17.0 software, and SPSSAU was used for publication bias evaluation and sensitivity analysis.

Eight of the 487 identified studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 3,004 and 2,140 individuals in the H. pylori-positive and negative control groups, respectively. Our results demonstrated that individuals carrying the AA genotype at the TLR10 rs10004195 locus had a significantly increased likelihood of H. pylori infection when analyzed using the recessive genetic model (OR: 1.64, CI: 1.04–2.58, p = 0.034). No statistically significant associations were found in the other four genetic models.

Our findings suggest that carrying the TLR10 rs10004195 AA genotype is associated with a significantly elevated risk of H. pylori infection. This information could be used to assess future risk of H. pylori infection in healthy individuals and provide personalized health guidance based on individual genetic polymorphisms.

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Case Report Open Access
Weiguang Qiao, Qiling Liang, Fachao Zhi
Published online November 12, 2024
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Cancer Screening and Prevention. doi:10.14218/CSP.2024.00005S
Abstract
Achalasia is a rare esophageal motility disorder characterized by the inability of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax and the absence of normal esophageal peristalsis. This [...] Read more.

Achalasia is a rare esophageal motility disorder characterized by the inability of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax and the absence of normal esophageal peristalsis. This condition leads to difficulties in swallowing (dysphagia), regurgitation of food, and chest pain. Clinical observations suggest an association between achalasia and esophageal tumors, as achalasia can increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer. We explore the pathophysiology of achalasia, its clinical manifestations, and the associated risk of esophageal malignancies, supported by recent research and clinical evidence, including specific case studies.

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Original Article Open Access
Chuang Lian, Te Zhang, Peng Cheng, Longyun Li, Guoqing Zhao, Xuli Ren
Published online November 15, 2024
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Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine. doi:10.14218/ERHM.2024.00029
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) plays a crucial role in the glymphatic system and is vital for maintaining homeostasis in the central nervous system. This study aimed to investigate the effects [...] Read more.

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) plays a crucial role in the glymphatic system and is vital for maintaining homeostasis in the central nervous system. This study aimed to investigate the effects of N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide (TGN-020), a selective AQP4 inhibitor, on glymphatic function and to assess its impact on short-term behavior in mice.

In this laboratory study, mice were randomly assigned to TGN-020-treated and control groups. We evaluated glymphatic function by measuring the distribution of Evans blue dye in the brain following injection into the cisterna magna. Behavioral assessment of cognitive function was performed using open field and Morris water maze tests. AQP4 protein expression levels were analyzed via immunohistochemistry. Statistical comparisons were conducted using the one-way analysis of variance to evaluate the results among groups.

Our findings revealed that the areas of Evans blue dye in the dorsal (p < 0.001) and ventral (p < 0.001) surfaces of the brain were significantly reduced in the TGN-020 group compared to the control group, indicating impaired glymphatic function. However, behavioral tests demonstrated no significant short-term changes; the mean distance traveled in the open field was 4,345 cm in the control group and 4,049 cm in the TGN-020 group (p = 0.5625), while the mean speed was 2.649 cm/s for controls and 2.868 cm/s for the TGN-020 group (p = 0.6762). In the Morris water maze, latency was comparable (36.33 s for TGN-020 vs. 34.89 s for controls, p = 0.758). Additionally, no significant differences in AQP4 expression intensity were observed between the two groups.

Our study demonstrates that acute inhibition of AQP4 through a single dose of TGN-020 significantly impairs glymphatic function without inducing short-term behavioral abnormalities in mice. These findings contribute to understanding AQP4’s role in the glymphatic system and its potential implications for neurological function.

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Case Report Open Access
Nicholas Bell, Trinh Nguyen
Published online September 25, 2024
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Journal of Translational Gastroenterology. doi:10.14218/JTG.2024.00007
Abstract
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement is a common procedure used to provide medium- and long-term enteral nutrition to patients. Although generally considered [...] Read more.

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement is a common procedure used to provide medium- and long-term enteral nutrition to patients. Although generally considered safe, PEG tube placement can be associated with various potential complications. We report a case of gastrocolocutaneous fistula formation in a patient who presented with severe abdominal pain, new-onset diarrhea, and feculent emesis nine days after PEG tube placement. Awareness of this rare complication can facilitate the recognition of colonic perforation during gastrostomy tube placement and enable early detection of the complication post-procedurally. Additionally, we discuss various techniques that may be employed to prevent this complication during PEG tube placement.

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Review Article Open Access
Weizheng Zhang
Published online January 2, 2025
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Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine. doi:10.14218/ERHM.2024.00199
Abstract
Hyperuricemia (HU), characterized by elevated uric acid (UA) levels in the blood, is a global health concern associated with various conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, [...] Read more.

Hyperuricemia (HU), characterized by elevated uric acid (UA) levels in the blood, is a global health concern associated with various conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, gout, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, renal dysfunction, and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies highlight the multifaceted origins of HU, implicating genetic predisposition, dietary patterns, lifestyle choices, and environmental influences. Genetic variations affecting enzymes and transporters involved in purine metabolism and UA excretion have been identified, paving the way for personalized treatment strategies. Advances in diagnostic imaging and omics technologies provide enhanced precision in detecting and evaluating risks. While pharmacological interventions remain central to managing HU, persistent challenges such as treatment resistance necessitate the exploration of novel drug targets and lifestyle modifications. Chinese herbal medicines present a potential alternative with fewer side effects. Emerging research on the impact of gut microbiota on UA metabolism opens new therapeutic avenues. Despite progress, challenges such as optimizing treatment duration and understanding long-term effects remain. Collaborative efforts are essential to address these challenges and advance our comprehension of HU. Integrating precision medicine and holistic patient care approaches holds promise for improving outcomes and enhancing the quality of life for individuals with HU. This review provided a contemporary analysis of HU, covering its causes, associated health risks, diagnosis, treatment, and future outlook.

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Case Report Open Access
Maxwell M. Chait, Naveed A. Chaudhry
Published online September 2, 2024
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Journal of Translational Gastroenterology. doi:10.14218/JTG.2023.00076
Abstract
A colouterine fistula is an extremely rare condition that has been reported in various diseases, including diverticulitis, sigmoid colon malignancy, and complications from radiotherapy. [...] Read more.

A colouterine fistula is an extremely rare condition that has been reported in various diseases, including diverticulitis, sigmoid colon malignancy, and complications from radiotherapy. It can also arise from iatrogenic conditions such as the insertion of intrauterine devices, endometrial curettage with urinary tract and bowel perforation, and obstetrical injury. Although colovaginal fistula caused by a foreign body has been reported, colouterine perforation by a foreign body has not been previously documented. We report the first case of foreign body colouterine perforation and its successful treatment by endoscopic removal and repair, resulting in the complete resolution of symptoms without the need for surgery. This case is highly significant due to its rare occurrence and successful treatment by endoscopic removal and repair without the usual and expected necessity for surgical intervention.

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Review Article Open Access
Zhongxue Han, Qingzhou Kong, Yanqing Li
Published online December 23, 2024
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Cancer Screening and Prevention. doi:10.14218/CSP.2024.00023
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in China. Early detection and diagnosis of CRC are essential for improving survival rates. However, socioeconomic [...] Read more.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in China. Early detection and diagnosis of CRC are essential for improving survival rates. However, socioeconomic factors such as regional disparities, economic conditions, and varying levels of awareness impact the uptake of screening programs. Recently, rapid advancements in non-invasive tests, including high-quality fecal immunochemical tests and the emergence of stool and blood biomarkers for CRC, have facilitated improvements in early detection and diagnosis. Additionally, image-enhanced endoscopy, a group of advanced imaging technologies, has been developed to assist in the early identification of colorectal lesions, including narrow band imaging and linked-color imaging. The emergence of artificial intelligence also offers promising opportunities to improve early diagnosis and treatment of CRC. This review mainly introduces screening technologies and the current status of CRC screening in China, provides an overview of CRC early detection and diagnosis, and discusses the limitations and future prospects.

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