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Case Report Open Access
Nicholas Bell, Trinh Nguyen
Published online September 30, 2024
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Journal of Translational Gastroenterology. doi:10.14218/JTG.2024.00007
Abstract
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement is a common procedure used to provide medium- and long-term enteral nutrition to patients. Although generally considered [...] Read more.

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement is a common procedure used to provide medium- and long-term enteral nutrition to patients. Although generally considered safe, PEG tube placement can be associated with various potential complications. We report a case of gastrocolocutaneous fistula formation in a patient who presented with severe abdominal pain, new-onset diarrhea, and feculent emesis nine days after PEG tube placement. Awareness of this rare complication can facilitate the recognition of colonic perforation during gastrostomy tube placement and enable early detection of the complication post-procedurally. Additionally, we discuss various techniques that may be employed to prevent this complication during PEG tube placement.

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Original Article Open Access
Momina Ahsan, Fareeha Adnan, Moiz Ahmed Khan, Nazia Khursheed
Published online March 25, 2025
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Journal of Exploratory Research in Pharmacology. doi:10.14218/JERP.2025.00001
Abstract
Escalating antimicrobial resistance is a global threat, emphasizing the need to explore alternative treatment options. Hence, we aimed to explore the in-vitro activity of ceftazidime-avibactam [...] Read more.

Escalating antimicrobial resistance is a global threat, emphasizing the need to explore alternative treatment options. Hence, we aimed to explore the in-vitro activity of ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) in clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria.

This was an observational, cross-sectional study conducted at the Microbiology Department of Indus Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from January 2023 to October 2024. Carbapenem-resistant gram-negative rods isolated from clinical specimens received from the outpatient, emergency, and inpatient departments were included. Consecutive, non-probability sampling was employed for the collection of isolates. Identification of the organisms was confirmed using API® ID strips, and antimicrobial susceptibility for carbapenems and CAZ-AVI was determined via the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.

A total of 158 bacterial isolates were characterized as carbapenem-resistant. Of these, 92 (58%) were Enterobacterales, and 66 (42%) were Pseudomonas aeruginosa. CAZ-AVI was susceptible in 17 (11%) of the isolates, of which four (24%) were Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli each, and nine (52%) were P. aeruginosa. CAZ-AVI-susceptible strains were predominant among patients aged 26–50 years (n = 6; 35%), most of whom were females (n = 10; 59%) and inpatients (n = 8; 47%). Clinical samples from patients with urinary tract infections grew the most CAZ-AVI-susceptible strains (n = 9; 53%).

Our study demonstrated low CAZ-AVI susceptibility in our carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacterial strains. Understanding regional antimicrobial patterns in multidrug-resistant bacteria is crucial for the effective use of CAZ-AVI, along with the strict implementation of strategies for controlling antimicrobial resistance.

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Mini Review Open Access
Jinjun Cheng
Published online December 23, 2024
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Journal of Clinical and Translational Pathology. doi:10.14218/JCTP.2024.00035
Abstract
Diagnosing and treating cytopenic myelofibrosis in children is challenging due to the wide spectrum of clinical and pathological features, underlying etiologies, and variable therapeutic [...] Read more.

Diagnosing and treating cytopenic myelofibrosis in children is challenging due to the wide spectrum of clinical and pathological features, underlying etiologies, and variable therapeutic responses. In this review, we summarize the related literature and present our diagnostic algorithm to differentiate pediatric myelofibrosis and guide therapy. In brief, primary myelofibrosis is extremely rare in children, while myelofibrosis secondary to non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorders should be thoroughly ruled out in ambiguous cases. Moreover, it is reasonable to closely follow up patients and repeat bone marrow biopsy before reaching a definitive diagnosis.

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Mini Review Open Access
Jieyun Yin
Published online June 30, 2025
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Journal of Translational Gastroenterology. doi:10.14218/JTG.2025.00024
Abstract
Imbalanced autonomic function has been reported in gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. The vagus nerve is a major component in the regulation of upper GI motility. Vagal nerve stimulation [...] Read more.

Imbalanced autonomic function has been reported in gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. The vagus nerve is a major component in the regulation of upper GI motility. Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) has been shown to improve symptoms of various GI disorders by enhancing parasympathetic activity. This review aims to summarize the clinical efficacy of transcutaneous VNS for GI disorders, focusing on abdominal pain, other GI symptoms, and GI motility, and to discuss the mechanisms of action of transcutaneous VNS. Randomized clinical trials investigating transcutaneous VNS in several major GI disorders, including functional dyspepsia, gastroparesis, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease, were reviewed and discussed. The forms of transcutaneous VNS covered in this review include transcutaneous auricular VNS, transcutaneous cervical VNS, and percutaneous electrical nerve field stimulation. Transcutaneous VNS has been shown to relieve abdominal pain, improve GI symptoms, and accelerate GI motility by enhancing vagal activity in patients with various GI disorders. Transcutaneous VNS is an innovative, effective, and safe therapy for patients with GI disorders; however, large-scale clinical trials are necessary to establish optimal treatment modalities and efficacy.

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Commentary Open Access
Lei Huang, Tong Feng
Published online January 2, 2025
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Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine. doi:10.14218/ERHM.2024.00700
Review Article Open Access
Bhuban Ruidas
Published online March 30, 2025
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Oncology Advances. doi:10.14218/OnA.2025.00001
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that adapt to cellular stress and metabolic demands through processes such as fission, fusion, mitophagy, and transport, all of which [...] Read more.

Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that adapt to cellular stress and metabolic demands through processes such as fission, fusion, mitophagy, and transport, all of which are vital for maintaining cellular signaling and metabolic homeostasis. Fission facilitates mitochondrial division and biogenesis, while fusion enhances mitochondrial fitness and metabolic flexibility by mitigating damage. Together, these processes play a critical role in regulating cellular stress responses and apoptosis. Dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics has been linked to impaired development and cancer progression, including breast cancer metastasis. A comprehensive understanding of mitochondrial dynamics in breast cancer progression is essential for advancing precision medicine. This review delves into the intricate molecular mechanisms governing mitochondrial biogenesis, fission, fusion, and mitophagy, with a particular focus on the role of mitophagy in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and its connection to metastasis progression. Furthermore, it discusses potential therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial dynamics and highlights the critical steps necessary to translate these approaches into clinical trials.

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Review Article Open Access
Weiqiang Zhao
Published online December 25, 2024
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Journal of Clinical and Translational Pathology. doi:10.14218/JCTP.2024.00042
Abstract
The number of molecular abnormalities identified in hematopoietic and lymphocytic neoplasms has grown exponentially over the past decades. Patients with genetic biomarker-matched [...] Read more.

The number of molecular abnormalities identified in hematopoietic and lymphocytic neoplasms has grown exponentially over the past decades. Patients with genetic biomarker-matched targeted therapies have experienced significantly improved survival rates. Modern molecular laboratories, equipped with advanced technologies such as next-generation sequencing, can simultaneously test hundreds of genes and thousands of hotspots in a single run with multiple samples analyzed side by side. Bioinformatics tools provide seamless, evidence-based information to determine whether the detected mutations are benign or pathogenic, somatic or germline, druggable or diagnostic. This review is divided into five sections, each aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the genetic landscape of myeloid and lymphocytic neoplasms. It highlights the challenges and proposes potential solutions to facilitate interpretation and maximize the clinical utility of molecular profiling results.

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Original Article Open Access
Tianle Zou, Zhonghua Liu, Elizabeth Brese, Bo Xu
Published online September 25, 2024
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Journal of Clinical and Translational Pathology. doi:10.14218/JCTP.2024.00029
Abstract
Mesothelioma is an aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis. Histological diagnosis of mesothelioma using limited tissue samples can be challenging. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is [...] Read more.

Mesothelioma is an aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis. Histological diagnosis of mesothelioma using limited tissue samples can be challenging. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a transmembrane protein that is overexpressed in a variety of solid tumors. This study aimed to investigate the clinical utility of CAIX expression in the differential diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma from non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).

Unstained tissue microarray slides composed of 56 cases of pleural mesothelioma and 82 cases of NSCLC were subjected to immunohistochemical staining using a mouse anti-human antibody against CAIX.

Of the 38 epithelioid mesothelioma cases, 34 (89%) displayed diffuse and strong cytoplasmic membrane reactivity, while the remaining four cases (11%) showed weak to moderate staining in tumor cells. Five out of sixteen (5/16) sarcomatoid mesothelioma cases were negative. Among the non-small cell lung carcinoma cases, 76% (32/42) of adenocarcinomas and 57% (21/37) of squamous cell carcinomas were completely negative, whereas the remaining cases showed focal weak expression of CAIX.

Our study demonstrates that CAIX expression has a high sensitivity (100%) in detecting pleural epithelioid mesothelioma, which is comparable to or better than currently used mesothelial markers. The specificity of CAIX is within a comparable range to that of commonly used mesothelial markers for differentiating epithelioid mesothelioma from NSCLC. Therefore, we recommend that CAIX immunohistochemistry staining be considered as an additional tool for the differential diagnosis of mesothelioma, particularly pleural epithelioid mesothelioma, from its common mimicker, NSCLC.

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Review Article Open Access
Ilgiz Gareev, Ozal Beylerli, Albert Sufianov, Leili Gulieva, Valentin Pavlov, Huaizhang Shi
Published online April 23, 2025
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Gene Expression. doi:10.14218/GE.2025.00010
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, highlighting the urgent need for innovative diagnostic and prognostic approaches to address [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, highlighting the urgent need for innovative diagnostic and prognostic approaches to address their complex pathophysiology. Recent advances in molecular cardiology have unveiled immune-derived microRNAs (miRNAs), or immuno-miRs, as pivotal regulators in the interplay between immune responses and cardiovascular pathology. Secreted by immune cells such as T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, these small non-coding RNAs modulate critical signaling pathways by regulating gene expression. Immuno-miRs influence essential processes, including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and fibrotic remodeling—core mechanisms underlying conditions such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Moreover, their presence in systemic circulation within extracellular vesicles underscores their role in intercellular communication, impacting both immune and non-immune cardiovascular cells, such as cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. This dual functionality renders immuno-miRs promising candidates as diagnostic biomarkers for early disease detection and as prognostic tools for assessing disease progression and therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, emerging miRNA-based interventions—such as miRNA mimics and inhibitors—show considerable promise in modulating immune dysregulation in CVDs, although clinical translation remains a significant challenge. In this review, we comprehensively examine the regulatory roles of immuno-miRs in both innate and adaptive immune responses and explore recent advancements in miRNA-based therapies. By consolidating current knowledge and identifying existing gaps, we provide a comprehensive overview of the transformative potential of immuno-miRs in CVD management. Integrating these molecules into personalized medicine may pave the way for more effective, targeted, and minimally invasive strategies to combat one of the world’s most pressing health challenges.

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Original Article Open Access
Wei Hou, Yuanzhi Huang, Tang Shang, Zheng Wang, Wei Zhang, Kefi Wang, Yinjie Gao, Min Zhang, Sujun Zheng
Published online March 21, 2025
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Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology. doi:10.14218/JCTH.2025.00030
Abstract
Inherited metabolic liver diseases (IMLDs) have complex etiologies and vary widely in clinical presentation, with a significant overall incidence. With the advancements in diagnostic [...] Read more.

Inherited metabolic liver diseases (IMLDs) have complex etiologies and vary widely in clinical presentation, with a significant overall incidence. With the advancements in diagnostic and treatment technologies, an increasing number of children with inherited metabolic diseases are surviving into adolescence and adulthood. These advancements have improved our understanding of the IMLD disease spectrum and clinical outcomes. This study aimed to analyze changes in the disease spectrum and epidemiological characteristics of inherited metabolic liver diseases (IMLD) over the past 20 years in two specialized liver disease hospitals in northern China.

A retrospective analysis was conducted on IMLD cases diagnosed between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2023, at two liver disease specialty hospitals in Beijing. Data were obtained from inpatient and outpatient hospital information systems, with diagnoses based on national and international IMLD diagnosis and treatment guidelines.

A total of 2,103 IMLD patients were analyzed, including 1,213 adults and 890 children. IMLD accounted for 4.58‰ of hospitalized liver disease patients during this period. The most common IMLD was Wilson’s disease, comprising 68% of all IMLD cases. The number of diagnosed IMLD types increased from 15 to 32 across two 11-year periods (2002–2012 and 2013–2023). Among pediatric patients, glycogen storage disease and Alagille syndrome were more prevalent in those under one year of age, while Wilson’s disease was prevalent across all age groups. In adult IMLD patients, Wilson’s disease, polycystic liver disease, and hereditary hyperbilirubinemia were more frequently observed.

Over the past 20 years, both the number of diagnosed IMLD cases and disease diversity have significantly increased, with Wilson’s disease remaining the most prevalent IMLD. These findings provide valuable insights for the long-term management of IMLD patients and the allocation of healthcare resources.

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